32 Well aware of God’s decree, that those who do such things deserve to die, not only are they guilty of them themselves, but they even applaud those who do them.
Open English Bible, US Edition
Romans 1
Open English Bible, US Edition, Verse 32
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Romans 1:32. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
4
Word Entries
90
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Greek Textus Receptus
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament
Greek New Testament source layer with imported morphology.
οἵτινες τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐπιγνόντες, ὅτι οἱ τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντες ἄξιοι θανάτου εἰσίν, οὐ μόνον αὐτὰ ποιοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ συνευδοκοῦσι τοῖς πράσσουσι.
23 word entries
οἵτινες
τὸ
δικαίωμα
τοῦ
Θεοῦ
ἐπιγνόντες
- Lemma
- epignontev
- Transliteration
- epignontev
- Morphology
- Greek: verb second aorist active participle nominative plural masculine
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Strong's
- G1921
- Occurrences
- 4
ὅτι
οἱ
τὰ
τοιαῦτα
πράσσοντες
- Lemma
- prassontev
- Transliteration
- prassontev
- Morphology
- Greek: verb present active participle nominative plural masculine
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Strong's
- G4238
- Occurrences
- 2
ἄξιοι
θανάτου
εἰσίν
οὐ
μόνον
αὐτὰ
ποιοῦσιν
ἀλλὰ
καὶ
συνευδοκοῦσι
- Lemma
- suneudokousin
- Transliteration
- suneudokousin
- Morphology
- Greek: verb present active indicative plural
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Strong's
- G4909
- Occurrences
- 1
τοῖς
πράσσουσι
- Lemma
- prassousin
- Transliteration
- prassousin
- Morphology
- Greek: verb present active participle dative plural masculine
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Strong's
- G4238
- Occurrences
- 1
Tischendorf / Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament sample / proof panel
Proof-of-flow source panel, not full coverage.
οἵτινες τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ θεοῦ ἐπιγνόντες, ὅτι οἱ τὰ τοιαῦτα πράσσοντες ἄξιοι θανάτου εἰσίν, οὐ μόνον αὐτὰ ποιοῦσιν ἀλλὰ καὶ συνευδοκοῦσιν τοῖς πράσσουσιν.
23 word entries
τὸ
τοῦ
θεοῦ
ἐπιγνόντες,
- Lemma
- ἐπιγινώσκω
- Morphology
- V-2AAP-NPM
- Part of Speech
- V
- Strong's
- G1921
- Occurrences
- 44
οἱ
τὰ
εἰσίν,
ποιοῦσιν
καὶ
συνευδοκοῦσιν
- Lemma
- συνευδοκέω
- Morphology
- V-PAI-3P
- Part of Speech
- V
- Strong's
- G4909
- Occurrences
- 6
τοῖς
Syriac Peshitta New Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: New Testament
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܟܕ ܝܕܥܝܢ ܕܝܢܗ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܕܠܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܐܝܟ ܗܠܝܢ ܣܥܪܝܢ ܠܡܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܒ ܠܐ ܗܘܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܥܒܕܝܢ ܠܗܝܢ ܐܠܐ ܐܦ ܡܫܬܘܬܦܝܢ ܠܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܗܠܝܢ ܥܒܕܝܢ
22 word entries
ܐܝܠܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܝܠܝܢ
- Transliteration
- 'ylyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 319
ܕܟܕ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܟܕ
- Transliteration
- dkd
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 54
ܝܕܥܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܝܕܥܝܢ
- Transliteration
- yd'yn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 122
ܕܝܢܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܝܢܗ
- Transliteration
- dynh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 9
ܕܐܠܗܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܐܠܗܐ
- Transliteration
- d'lh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 586
ܕܠܐܝܠܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܠܐܝܠܝܢ
- Transliteration
- dl'ylyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 4
ܕܐܝܟ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܐܝܟ
- Transliteration
- d'yk
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 37
ܗܠܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܗܠܝܢ
- Transliteration
- hlyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 451
ܣܥܪܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܣܥܪܝܢ
- Transliteration
- s'ryn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 4
ܠܡܘܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܡܘܬܐ
- Transliteration
- lmwt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 31
ܡܚܝܒ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܚܝܒ
- Transliteration
- mhyb
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 13
ܠܐ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܠܐ
- Transliteration
- la
- Morphology
- negative particle
- Gloss
- not
- Occurrences
- 1681
ܗܘܐ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܗܘܐ
- Transliteration
- hwa
- Morphology
- verb, being/becoming root form
- Gloss
- was, became
- Occurrences
- 1535
ܒܠܚܘܕ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܠܚܘܕ
- Transliteration
- blhwd
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 85
ܥܒܕܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܒܕܝܢ
- Transliteration
- 'bdyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 53
ܠܗܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܗܝܢ
- Transliteration
- lhyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 35
ܐܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܠܐ
- Transliteration
- 'l'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 784
ܐܦ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܦ
- Transliteration
- 'p
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 544
ܡܫܬܘܬܦܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܫܬܘܬܦܝܢ
- Transliteration
- mshtwtpyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 3
ܠܐܝܠܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܐܝܠܝܢ
- Transliteration
- l'ylyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 133
ܕܗܠܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܗܠܝܢ
- Transliteration
- dhlyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 42
ܥܒܕܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܒܕܝܢ
- Transliteration
- 'bdyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 53
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Qui cum justitiam Dei cognovissent, non intellexerunt quoniam qui talia agunt, digni sunt morte: et non solum qui ea faciunt, sed etiam qui consentiunt facientibus.
22 word entries
qui
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- qui
- Transliteration
- qui
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 15011
cum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- cum
- Transliteration
- cum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 5272
iustitiam
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- iustitia
- Transliteration
- iustitiam
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 380
Dei
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- deus
- Transliteration
- Dei
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Gloss
- God
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- God, deity
- Etymology
- Latin noun for God or a god.
- Occurrences
- 4889
cognovissent
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- cognosco
- Transliteration
- cognovissent
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 369
non
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- non
- Transliteration
- non
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 7320
intellexerunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- intelligo
- Transliteration
- intellexerunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 211
quoniam
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- quoniam
- Transliteration
- quoniam
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1134
qui
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- qui
- Transliteration
- qui
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 15011
talia
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- talis
- Transliteration
- talia
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 95
agunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ago
- Transliteration
- agunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 366
digni
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- dignus
- Transliteration
- digni
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 104
sunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- sunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
morte
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- mors
- Transliteration
- morte
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 408
non
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- non
- Transliteration
- non
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 7320
solum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- solum
- Transliteration
- solum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 51
ea
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- ea
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
faciunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- facio
- Transliteration
- faciunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 4719
sed
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sed
- Transliteration
- sed
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1637
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
consentiunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- consentio
- Transliteration
- consentiunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 33
facientibus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- facio
- Transliteration
- facientibus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 4719
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Romans 1:21
because, although they learned to know God, yet they did not offer him as God either praise or thanksgiving. Their speculations about him proved futile, and their undiscerning minds were darkened.
16 relevance votesRomans 6:21
But what were the fruits that you reaped from those things of which you are now ashamed? For the end of such things is death.
14 relevance votesPsalms 50:18
When you see a thief, you run with them; with adulterers you keep company.
12 relevance votesRomans 1:18
So, too, there is a revelation from heaven of the divine wrath against every form of ungodliness and wickedness on the part of those people who, by their wicked lives, are stifling the truth.
12 relevance votesLuke 11:48
You are actually witnesses to your ancestors’ acts and show your approval of them, because, while they killed the prophets, you build tombs for them.
10 relevance votesActs 22:20
and, when the blood of your martyr, Stephen, was being shed, I was myself standing by, approving of his death, and took charge of the clothes of those who were murdering him.’
9 relevance votesHosea 7:3
Their wickedness amuses the king, and their lying gladdens the princes,
7 relevance votesActs 8:1
Saul approved of his being put to death. On that very day a great persecution broke out against the church which was in Jerusalem; and its members, with the exception of the apostles, were all scattered over the districts of Judea and Samaria.
6 relevance votes