21 because, although they learned to know God, yet they did not offer him as God either praise or thanksgiving. Their speculations about him proved futile, and their undiscerning minds were darkened.
Open English Bible, US Edition
Romans 1
Open English Bible, US Edition, Verse 21
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Romans 1:21. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
4
Word Entries
82
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Greek Textus Receptus
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament
Greek New Testament source layer with imported morphology.
διότι γνόντες τὸν Θεόν, οὐχ ὡς Θεὸν ἐδόξασαν ἢ εὐχαρίστησαν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐματαιώθησαν ἐν τοῖς διαλογισμοῖς αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐσκοτίσθη ἡ ἀσύνετος αὐτῶν καρδία.
22 word entries
διότι
γνόντες
τὸν
Θεόν
οὐχ
ὡς
Θεὸν
ἐδόξασαν
ἢ
εὐχαρίστησαν
- Lemma
- eucaristhsan
- Transliteration
- eucaristhsan
- Morphology
- Greek: verb aorist active indicative plural
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Strong's
- G2168
- Occurrences
- 1
ἀλλ᾿
ἐματαιώθησαν
- Lemma
- emataiwqhsan
- Transliteration
- emataiwqhsan
- Morphology
- Greek: verb aorist passive indicative plural
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Strong's
- G3154
- Occurrences
- 1
ἐν
τοῖς
διαλογισμοῖς
- Lemma
- dialogismoiv
- Transliteration
- dialogismoiv
- Morphology
- Greek: noun dative plural masculine
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Strong's
- G1261
- Occurrences
- 1
αὐτῶν
καὶ
ἐσκοτίσθη
ἡ
ἀσύνετος
αὐτῶν
Tischendorf / Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament sample / proof panel
Proof-of-flow source panel, not full coverage.
διότι γνόντες τὸν θεὸν οὐχ ὡς θεὸν ἐδόξασαν ἢ ηὐχαρίστησαν, ἀλλ’ ἐματαιώθησαν ἐν τοῖς διαλογισμοῖς αὐτῶν καὶ ἐσκοτίσθη ἡ ἀσύνετος αὐτῶν καρδία.
22 word entries
τὸν
θεὸν
θεὸν
ηὐχαρίστησαν,
- Lemma
- εὐχαριστέω
- Morphology
- V-AAI-3P
- Part of Speech
- V
- Strong's
- G2168
- Occurrences
- 38
ἐν
τοῖς
διαλογισμοῖς
- Lemma
- διαλογισμός
- Morphology
- N-DPM
- Part of Speech
- N
- Strong's
- G1261
- Occurrences
- 14
καὶ
ἡ
Syriac Peshitta New Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: New Testament
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܡܛܠ ܕܝܕܥܘ ܠܐܠܗܐ ܘܠܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܠܐܠܗܐ ܫܒܚܘܗܝ ܘܐܘܕܝܘ ܠܗ ܐܠܐ ܐܣܬܪܩܘ ܒܡܚܫܒܬܗܘܢ ܘܐܬܚܫܟ ܠܒܗܘܢ ܕܠܐ ܡܣܬܟܠ
16 word entries
ܡܛܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܛܠ
- Transliteration
- mtl
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 632
ܕܝܕܥܘ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܝܕܥܘ
- Transliteration
- dyd'w
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 1
ܠܐܠܗܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܐܠܗܐ
- Transliteration
- l'lh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 182
ܘܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܠܐ
- Transliteration
- wl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 732
ܐܝܟ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܝܟ
- Transliteration
- 'yk
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 681
ܕܠܐܠܗܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܠܐܠܗܐ
- Transliteration
- dl'lh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 3
ܫܒܚܘܗܝ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܫܒܚܘܗܝ
- Transliteration
- shbhwhy
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 1
ܘܐܘܕܝܘ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܐܘܕܝܘ
- Transliteration
- w'wdyw
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 2
ܠܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܗ
- Transliteration
- lh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 1592
ܐܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܠܐ
- Transliteration
- 'l'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 784
ܐܣܬܪܩܘ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܣܬܪܩܘ
- Transliteration
- 'strqw
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 2
ܒܡܚܫܒܬܗܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܡܚܫܒܬܗܘܢ
- Transliteration
- bmhshbthwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 1
ܘܐܬܚܫܟ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܐܬܚܫܟ
- Transliteration
- w'thshk
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1
ܠܒܗܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܒܗܘܢ
- Transliteration
- lbhwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 12
ܕܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܠܐ
- Transliteration
- dl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 720
ܡܣܬܟܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܣܬܟܠ
- Transliteration
- mstkl
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 4
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Quia cum cognovissent Deum, non sicut Deum glorificaverunt, aut gratias egerunt: sed evanuerunt in cogitationibus suis, et obscuratum est insipiens cor eorum:
22 word entries
quia
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- quia
- Transliteration
- quia
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 2543
cum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- cum
- Transliteration
- cum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 5272
cognovissent
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- cognosco
- Transliteration
- cognovissent
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 369
Deum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- deus
- Transliteration
- Deum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Gloss
- God
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- God, deity
- Etymology
- Latin noun for God or a god.
- Occurrences
- 4889
non
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- non
- Transliteration
- non
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 7320
sicut
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sicut
- Transliteration
- sicut
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 1559
Deum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- deus
- Transliteration
- Deum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Gloss
- God
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- God, deity
- Etymology
- Latin noun for God or a god.
- Occurrences
- 4889
glorificaverunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- glorifico
- Transliteration
- glorificaverunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 78
aut
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- aut
- Transliteration
- aut
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 509
gratias
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- gratia
- Transliteration
- gratias
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 364
egerunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ago
- Transliteration
- egerunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 366
sed
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sed
- Transliteration
- sed
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1637
evanuerunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- euanesco
- Transliteration
- evanuerunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 5
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
cogitationibus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- cogitatio
- Transliteration
- cogitationibus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 138
suis
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- suus
- Transliteration
- suis
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 5783
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
obscuratum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- obscuro
- Transliteration
- obscuratum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 17
est
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- est
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
insipiens
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- insipiens
- Transliteration
- insipiens
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 53
cor
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- cor
- Transliteration
- cor
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 1028
eorum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eorum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
2 Kings 17:15
18 relevance votesJeremiah 2:5
14 relevance votes2 Timothy 3:2
People will be selfish, mercenary, boastful, haughty, and blasphemous; disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, impure,
13 relevance votesPsalms 50:23
Those who bring a thank-offering honor me; but to those who follow my way, I will show the salvation of God.”
12 relevance votesJohn 3:19
The ground of their condemnation is this, that though the light has come into the world, people preferred the darkness to the light, because their actions were wicked.
9 relevance votesRevelation 14:7
and he cried in a loud voice – ‘Reverence God, and give him praise (for the hour of his judgment has come) and worship him who made the heaven and the earth and the sea and all springs of water.’
8 relevance votesRevelation 15:4
Who will not honor and praise your name, Lord? You alone are holy! All nations will come and worship before you, for your judgments have become manifest.’
7 relevance votesPsalms 81:12
So to their own hard hearts I left them, to follow their own devices.
7 relevance votes1 Peter 2:9
But you are ‘a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a consecrated nation, God’s own people,’ entrusted with the proclamation of the goodness of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light.
7 relevance votesRomans 1:19
This is so, because what can be known about God is plain to them; for God himself has made it plain.
6 relevance votesJeremiah 16:19
6 relevance votesRomans 1:28
Then, as they would not keep God before their minds, God abandoned them to depraved thoughts, so that they did all kinds of shameful things.
5 relevance votes