18 So, too, there is a revelation from heaven of the divine wrath against every form of ungodliness and wickedness on the part of those people who, by their wicked lives, are stifling the truth.
Open English Bible, US Edition
Romans 1
Open English Bible, US Edition, Verse 18
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Romans 1:18. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
4
Word Entries
70
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Greek Textus Receptus
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament
Greek New Testament source layer with imported morphology.
Ἀποκαλύπτεται γὰρ ὀργὴ Θεοῦ ἀπ᾿ οὐρανοῦ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀσέβειαν καὶ ἀδικίαν ἀνθρώπων τῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐν ἀδικίᾳ κατεχόντων·
18 word entries
Ἀποκαλύπτεται
- Lemma
- apokaluptetai
- Transliteration
- apokaluptetai
- Morphology
- Greek: verb present passive indicative singular
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Strong's
- G601
- Occurrences
- 4
γὰρ
ὀργὴ
Θεοῦ
ἀπ᾿
οὐρανοῦ
ἐπὶ
πᾶσαν
ἀσέβειαν
καὶ
ἀδικίαν
ἀνθρώπων
τῶν
τὴν
ἀλήθειαν
ἐν
ἀδικίᾳ
κατεχόντων
- Lemma
- katecontwn
- Transliteration
- katecontwn
- Morphology
- Greek: verb present active participle genitive plural masculine
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Strong's
- G2722
- Occurrences
- 1
Tischendorf / Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament sample / proof panel
Proof-of-flow source panel, not full coverage.
Ἀποκαλύπτεται γὰρ ὀργὴ θεοῦ ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀσέβειαν καὶ ἀδικίαν ἀνθρώπων τῶν τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐν ἀδικίᾳ κατεχόντων,
18 word entries
Ἀποκαλύπτεται
- Lemma
- ἀποκαλύπτω
- Morphology
- V-PPI-3S
- Part of Speech
- V
- Strong's
- G0601
- Occurrences
- 26
θεοῦ
οὐρανοῦ
καὶ
τῶν
τὴν
ἐν
Syriac Peshitta New Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: New Testament
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܡܬܓܠܐ ܗܘ ܓܝܪ ܪܘܓܙܗ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܡܢ ܫܡܝܐ ܥܠ ܟܠܗ ܥܘܠܗܘܢ ܘܪܘܫܥܗܘܢ ܕܒܢܝܢܫܐ ܗܢܘܢ ܕܩܘܫܬܐ ܒܥܘܠܐ ܐܚܝܕܝܢ
16 word entries
ܡܬܓܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܬܓܠܐ
- Transliteration
- mtgl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 5
ܗܘ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܗܘ
- Transliteration
- hu
- Morphology
- pronoun/copula, masculine singular
- Gloss
- he, it, is
- Occurrences
- 1648
ܓܝܪ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܓܝܪ
- Transliteration
- gyr
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 1085
ܪܘܓܙܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܪܘܓܙܗ
- Transliteration
- rwgzh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 7
ܕܐܠܗܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܐܠܗܐ
- Transliteration
- d'lh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 586
ܡܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܢ
- Transliteration
- mn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 2166
ܫܡܝܐ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܫܡܝܐ
- Transliteration
- shmaya
- Morphology
- noun, plural/emphatic
- Gloss
- heavens, sky
- Occurrences
- 119
ܥܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܠ
- Transliteration
- 'l
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 909
ܟܠܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܟܠܗ
- Transliteration
- klh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 171
ܥܘܠܗܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܘܠܗܘܢ
- Transliteration
- 'wlhwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
- Occurrences
- 3
ܘܪܘܫܥܗܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܪܘܫܥܗܘܢ
- Transliteration
- wrwsh'hwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1
ܕܒܢܝܢܫܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܒܢܝܢܫܐ
- Transliteration
- dbnynsh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 34
ܗܢܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܗܢܘܢ
- Transliteration
- hnwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
- Occurrences
- 314
ܕܩܘܫܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܩܘܫܬܐ
- Transliteration
- dqwsht'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 9
ܒܥܘܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܥܘܠܐ
- Transliteration
- b'wl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 4
ܐܚܝܕܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܚܝܕܝܢ
- Transliteration
- 'hydyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 11
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Revelatur enim ira Dei de cælo super omnem impietatem, et injustitiam hominum eorum, qui veritatem Dei in injustitia detinent:
18 word entries
revelatur
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- reuelo
- Transliteration
- revelatur
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 107
enim
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- enim
- Transliteration
- enim
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 2392
ira
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ira
- Transliteration
- ira
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 265
Dei
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- deus
- Transliteration
- Dei
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Gloss
- God
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- God, deity
- Etymology
- Latin noun for God or a god.
- Occurrences
- 4889
de
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- de
- Transliteration
- de
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Occurrences
- 4779
caelo
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- caelum
- Transliteration
- caelo
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Gloss
- heaven
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- heaven, sky
- Etymology
- Latin noun for heaven or sky; often normalized as caelum.
- Occurrences
- 740
super
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- super
- Transliteration
- super
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Occurrences
- 3146
omnem
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- omnis
- Transliteration
- omnem
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 5506
impietatem
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- impietas
- Transliteration
- impietatem
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 49
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
iniustitiam
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- iniustitia
- Transliteration
- iniustitiam
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 28
hominum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- homo
- Transliteration
- hominum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 1653
eorum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eorum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
qui
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- qui
- Transliteration
- qui
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 15011
veritatem
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ueritas
- Transliteration
- veritatem
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 269
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
iniustitiam
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- iniustitia
- Transliteration
- iniustitiam
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 28
detinent
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- detineo
- Transliteration
- detinent
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 10
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Ephesians 5:6
Do not let anyone deceive you with specious arguments. Those are the sins that bring down the wrath of God on the disobedient.
38 relevance votesRomans 1:32
Well aware of God’s decree, that those who do such things deserve to die, not only are they guilty of them themselves, but they even applaud those who do them.
24 relevance votesColossians 3:6
These are the things because of which the wrath of God comes,
22 relevance votes2 Thessalonians 2:10
to the ruin of those who are on the path to destruction, because they have never received and loved the truth to their own salvation.
17 relevance votesRomans 6:13
Do not offer any part of your bodies to sin, in the cause of unrighteousness, but once for all offer yourselves to God (as those who, though once dead, now have life), and devote every part of your bodies to the cause of righteousness.
12 relevance votesRomans 5:9
Much more, then, now that we have been pronounced righteous by virtue of the shedding of his blood, will we be saved through him from the wrath of God.
12 relevance votesRomans 4:15
Law entails punishment; but, where no Law exists, no breach of it is possible.
12 relevance votesRomans 2:3
You who judge those that do such things and yet are yourself guilty of them – do you suppose that you of all people will escape God’s judgment?
9 relevance votesRomans 1:28
Then, as they would not keep God before their minds, God abandoned them to depraved thoughts, so that they did all kinds of shameful things.
7 relevance votesRomans 1:19
This is so, because what can be known about God is plain to them; for God himself has made it plain.
7 relevance votesRomans 5:6
seeing that, while we were still powerless, Christ, in God’s good time, died on behalf of the godless.
5 relevance votes