20 For ever since the creation of the universe God’s invisible attributes – his everlasting power and divinity – are to be seen and studied in his works, so that people have no excuse;
Open English Bible, US Edition
Romans 1
Open English Bible, US Edition, Verse 20
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Romans 1:20. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
4
Word Entries
84
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Greek Textus Receptus
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament
Greek New Testament source layer with imported morphology.
Τὰ γὰρ ἀόρατα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου τοῖς ποιήμασι νοούμενα καθορᾶται, ἥ τε ἀΐδιος αὐτοῦ δύναμις καὶ θειότης, εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτοὺς ἀναπολογήτους·
23 word entries
Τὰ
γὰρ
ἀόρατα
αὐτοῦ
ἀπὸ
κτίσεως
κόσμου
τοῖς
ποιήμασι
νοούμενα
καθορᾶται
ἥ
τε
ἀΐδιος
αὐτοῦ
δύναμις
καὶ
θειότης
εἰς
τὸ
εἶναι
αὐτοὺς
ἀναπολογήτους
- Lemma
- anapologhtouv
- Transliteration
- anapologhtouv
- Morphology
- Greek: adjective accusative plural masculine
- Part of Speech
- adjective
- Strong's
- G379
- Occurrences
- 1
Tischendorf / Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament sample / proof panel
Proof-of-flow source panel, not full coverage.
τὰ γὰρ ἀόρατα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου τοῖς ποιήμασιν νοούμενα καθορᾶται, ἥ τε ἀΐδιος αὐτοῦ δύναμις καὶ θειότης, εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτοὺς ἀναπολογήτους·
23 word entries
τὰ
τοῖς
ἥ
καὶ
τὸ
εἶναι
ἀναπολογήτους·
- Lemma
- ἀναπολόγητος
- Morphology
- A-APM
- Part of Speech
- A
- Strong's
- G0379
- Occurrences
- 2
Syriac Peshitta New Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: New Testament
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܟܣܝܬܗ ܓܝܪ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܡܢ ܬܪܡܝܬܗ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܠܒܪܝܬܗ ܒܣܘܟܠܐ ܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܘܚܝܠܗ ܘܐܠܗܘܬܗ ܕܠܥܠܡ ܕܢܗܘܘܢ ܕܠܐ ܡܦܩ ܒܪܘܚ
16 word entries
ܟܣܝܬܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܟܣܝܬܗ
- Transliteration
- ksyth
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 3
ܓܝܪ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܓܝܪ
- Transliteration
- gyr
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 1085
ܕܐܠܗܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܐܠܗܐ
- Transliteration
- d'lh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 586
ܡܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܢ
- Transliteration
- mn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 2166
ܬܪܡܝܬܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܬܪܡܝܬܗ
- Transliteration
- trmyth
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 8
ܕܥܠܡܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܥܠܡܐ
- Transliteration
- d'lm'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 73
ܠܒܪܝܬܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܒܪܝܬܗ
- Transliteration
- lbryth
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 1
ܒܣܘܟܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܣܘܟܠܐ
- Transliteration
- bswkl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 1
ܡܬܚܙܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܬܚܙܝܢ
- Transliteration
- mthzyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 8
ܘܚܝܠܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܚܝܠܗ
- Transliteration
- whylh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 2
ܘܐܠܗܘܬܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܐܠܗܘܬܗ
- Transliteration
- w'lhwth
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1
ܕܠܥܠܡ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܠܥܠܡ
- Transliteration
- dl'lm
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 70
ܕܢܗܘܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܢܗܘܘܢ
- Transliteration
- dnhwwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 39
ܕܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܠܐ
- Transliteration
- dl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 720
ܡܦܩ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܦܩ
- Transliteration
- mpq
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 21
ܒܪܘܚ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܪܘܚ
- Transliteration
- brwh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 29
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Invisibilia enim ipsius, a creatura mundi, per ea quæ facta sunt, intellecta, conspiciuntur: sempiterna quoque ejus virtus, et divinitas: ita ut sint inexcusabiles.
22 word entries
invisibilia
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- inuisibilis
- Transliteration
- invisibilia
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 9
enim
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- enim
- Transliteration
- enim
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 2392
ipsius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ipse
- Transliteration
- ipsius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 2134
a
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ab
- Transliteration
- a
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Occurrences
- 3693
creatura
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- creatura
- Transliteration
- creatura
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 40
mundi
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- mundus
- Transliteration
- mundi
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 322
per
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- per
- Transliteration
- per
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Occurrences
- 1915
ea
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- ea
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
quae
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- qui
- Transliteration
- quae
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 15011
facta
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- facio
- Transliteration
- facta
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 4719
sunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- sunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
intellecta
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- intelligo
- Transliteration
- intellecta
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 211
conspiciuntur
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- conspicio
- Transliteration
- conspiciuntur
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 21
sempiterna
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sempiternus
- Transliteration
- sempiterna
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 167
quoque
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- quoque
- Transliteration
- quoque
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 773
eius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
virtus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uirtus
- Transliteration
- virtus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 353
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
divinitas
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- diuinitas
- Transliteration
- divinitas
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 3
ut
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ut
- Transliteration
- ut
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 4533
sint
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- sint
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
inexcusabiles
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- inexcusabilis
- Transliteration
- inexcusabiles
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 2
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Romans 1:19
This is so, because what can be known about God is plain to them; for God himself has made it plain.
57 relevance votesIsaiah 40:26
44 relevance votesPsalms 8:3
When I look at your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars, which you have set there,
41 relevance votesRomans 2:15
for they show the demands of the Law written on their hearts; their consciences corroborating it, while in their thoughts they argue either in self-accusation or, it may be, in self-defense –
17 relevance votesJohn 15:22
If I had not come and spoken to them, they would have had no sin to answer for; but as it is, they have no excuse for their sin.
16 relevance votesPsalms 104:5
He founded the earth upon pillars, to sustain it unshaken forever.
14 relevance votesJohn 1:18
No one has ever yet seen God; God the only Son, who is ever with the Father – he has revealed him. The Preparation
14 relevance votes1 Timothy 1:17
To the eternal King, ever-living, invisible, the one God, be ascribed honor and glory for ever and ever. Amen.
13 relevance votesPsalms 139:13
For you did put me together; in my mother’s womb you did weave me.
13 relevance votesPsalms 119:90
Your truth endures age after age; it is established on earth, and it stands.
12 relevance votesDeuteronomy 4:19
12 relevance votesColossians 2:9
For in Christ the Godhead in all its fulness dwells incarnate;
12 relevance votes