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World English Bible

Psalms 44

World English Bible, Verse 13

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¹³ You make us a reproach to our neighbors, a scoffing and a derision to those who are around us.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Psalms 44:13. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 52

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

תִּמְכֹּֽר־עַמְּךָ֥ בְלֹא־ה֑וֹן וְלֹ֥א־רִ֝בִּ֗יתָ בִּמְחִירֵיהֶֽם׃

7 word entries

תִּמְכֹּֽר

Lemma: 4376
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 2rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H4376
Occurrences: 46

עַמְּךָ֥

Lemma: 5971 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5971
Occurrences: 682

בְלֹא

Lemma: b/3808
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + particle
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H3808
Occurrences: 30

ה֑וֹן

Lemma: 1952
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H1952
Occurrences: 21

וְלֹ֥א

Lemma: c/3808
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + particle
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3808
Occurrences: 1593

רִ֝בִּ֗יתָ

Lemma: 7235 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb piel perfect 2rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7235
Occurrences: 151

בִּמְחִירֵיהֶֽם

Lemma: b/4242
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H4242
Occurrences: 9

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Καὶ προσκυνήσουσιν αὐτῷ θυγατέρες Τύρου ἐν δώροις, τὸ πρόσωπόν σου λιτανεῦσουσιν οἱ πλούσιοι τοῦ λαοῦ τῆς γῆς.

17 word entries

Καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

προσκυνήσουσιν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: προσκυνήσουσιν
Transliteration: proskynesoysin
Morphology: verb, present/future active indicative, 3rd plural
Gloss: they ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 6

αὐτῷ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

θυγατέρες

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: θυγάτηρ
Transliteration: thygater
Morphology: noun, feminine nominative singular
Gloss: daughter
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Daughter or female descendant.
Occurrences: 506

Τύρου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: τύρου
Transliteration: tyroy
Morphology: genitive singular masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 22

ἐν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐν
Transliteration: en
Morphology: preposition with dative
Gloss: in, among, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's: G1722
Occurrences: 13086

δώροις

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: δώροις
Transliteration: dorois
Morphology: dative plural masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: to/for ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

τὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

πρόσωπόν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πρόσωπον
Transliteration: prosopon
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: face, presence
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Face, presence, person, or front.
Occurrences: 1170

σου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: σύ
Transliteration: sy
Morphology: pronoun, nominative second-person singular
Gloss: you
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Second-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 12950

λιτανεῦσουσιν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: λιτανεῦσουσιν
Transliteration: litaneysoysin
Morphology: verb, present/future active indicative, 3rd plural
Gloss: they ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

οἱ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

πλούσιοι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πλούσιοι
Transliteration: ploysioi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 6

τοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

λαοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: λαός
Transliteration: laos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: people
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: People, nation, or community.
Occurrences: 1841

τῆς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

γῆς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: γῆ
Transliteration: ges
Morphology: noun, feminine genitive singular
Gloss: of earth, of land
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Earth, ground, or land.
Strong's: G1093
Occurrences: 2962

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܙܒܢܬ ܠܥܡܟ ܕܠܐ ܕܡ̈ܝܐ ܘܠܐ ܐܣܓܝܬ ܚܘܠܦܗܘܢ

7 word entries

ܙܒܢܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܙܒܢܬ
Transliteration: zbnt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 4

ܠܥܡܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܥܡܟ
Transliteration: l'mk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 35

ܕܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܠܐ
Transliteration: dl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 1157

ܕܡ̈ܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܡܝܐ
Transliteration: dmy'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 83

ܘܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܠܐ
Transliteration: wl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1993

ܐܣܓܝܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܣܓܝܬ
Transliteration: 'sgyt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 12

ܚܘܠܦܗܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܘܠܦܗܘܢ
Transliteration: hwlphwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
Occurrences: 1

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

זַבַּנְתָא עַמָךְ מַגָן דְלָא מָמוֹנָא וְלָא אַסְגֵיתָא קִנְיָנָא בְּפֵרוּגֵיהוֹן׃

9 word entries

זַבַּנְתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: זבנתא
Transliteration: zbnt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1

עַמָךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עמך
Transliteration: 'mk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 249

מַגָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מגן
Transliteration: mgn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 44

דְלָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דלא
Transliteration: dl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 607

מָמוֹנָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מונא
Transliteration: mmwn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 9

וְלָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ולא
Transliteration: wl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1587

אַסְגֵיתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אסגיתא
Transliteration: 'sgyt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 8

קִנְיָנָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קנינא
Transliteration: qnyn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 12

בְּפֵרוּגֵיהוֹן׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: פרוגיהון
Transliteration: bprwgyhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Et filiæ Tyri in muneribus vultum tuum deprecabuntur; omnes divites plebis.

12 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: *
Transliteration: *
Morphology: GreLa POS: other
Occurrences: 40

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

;

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ;
Transliteration: ;
Morphology: GreLa POS: other
Occurrences: 131

filiae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: filia
Transliteration: filiae
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 566

Tyri

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Tyros
Transliteration: Tyri
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 46

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

muneribus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: munus
Transliteration: muneribus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 118

vultum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uultus
Transliteration: vultum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 97

tuum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tuus
Transliteration: tuum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5615

deprecabuntur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: deprecor
Transliteration: deprecabuntur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 94

divites

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: diues
Transliteration: divites
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 101

plebis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: plebs
Transliteration: plebis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 82

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Psalms 44

Source Text Study

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