13 Then the king said to the wise men, who knew the times (for it was the king’s custom to consult those who knew law and judgment;
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Esther 1:13. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
וַיֹּ֣אמֶר הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ לַחֲכָמִ֖ים יֹדְעֵ֣י הָֽעִתִּ֑ים כִּי־כֵן֙ דְּבַ֣ר הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ לִפְנֵ֕י כָּל־יֹדְעֵ֖י דָּ֥ת וָדִֽין׃
וַיֹּ֣אמֶר
הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ
לַחֲכָמִ֖ים
יֹדְעֵ֣י
הָֽעִתִּ֑ים
כִּי
דְּבַ֣ר
הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ
לִפְנֵ֕י
כָּל
יֹדְעֵ֖י
דָּ֥ת
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܘܐܡ̣ܪ ܡ̇ܠܟܐ ܠܚܟܝ̈ܡܐ ܝܕ̈ܥܝ ܙܒ̈ܢܐ. ܡܛܠ ܕܗܟܢܐ ܗ̣ܘܐ ܢܡܘܣܗ ܕܡ̇ܠܟܐ. ܐܡ̣ܪ ܗܘܐ ܩܕܡ ܟܠ ܕܝ̇ܕܥܝܢ ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ ܘܕ̈ܝ̣ܢܐ.
ܘܐܡ̣ܪ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܐܡܪ
- Transliteration
- w'mr
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1697
ܡ̇ܠܟܐ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܡܠܟܐ
- Transliteration
- malka
- Morphology
- noun, masculine emphatic singular
- Gloss
- king
- Occurrences
- 1870
ܠܚܟܝ̈ܡܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܚܟܝܡܐ
- Transliteration
- lhkym'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 13
ܝܕ̈ܥܝ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܝܕܥܝ
- Transliteration
- yd'y
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 7
ܙܒ̈ܢܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܙܒܢܐ
- Transliteration
- zbn'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 147
ܡܛܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܛܠ
- Transliteration
- mtl
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 2606
ܕܗܟܢܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܗܟܢܐ
- Transliteration
- dhkn'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 83
ܗ̣ܘܐ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܗܘܐ
- Transliteration
- hwa
- Morphology
- verb, being/becoming root form
- Gloss
- was, became
- Occurrences
- 1800
ܢܡܘܣܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܢܡܘܣܗ
- Transliteration
- nmwsh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 22
ܕܡ̇ܠܟܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܡܠܟܐ
- Transliteration
- dmlk'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 458
ܐܡ̣ܪ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܐܡܪ
- Transliteration
- emar
- Morphology
- verb root/form
- Gloss
- said, spoke
- Occurrences
- 1127
ܗܘܐ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܗܘܐ
- Transliteration
- hwa
- Morphology
- verb, being/becoming root form
- Gloss
- was, became
- Occurrences
- 1800
ܩܕܡ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܩܕܡ
- Transliteration
- qdm
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 1019
ܟܠ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܟܠ
- Transliteration
- kul
- Morphology
- quantifier/adjective
- Gloss
- all, every
- Occurrences
- 569
ܕܝ̇ܕܥܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܝܕܥܝܢ
- Transliteration
- dyd'yn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 19
ܢܡܘ̈ܣܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܢܡܘܣܐ
- Transliteration
- nmws'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 152
ܘܕ̈ܝ̣ܢܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܕܝܢܐ
- Transliteration
- wdyn'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 56
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
וַאֲמַר מַלְכָּא לְחַכִּימַיָא בְּנוֹי דְיִשָׂשׂכָר דְחַכִּימִין מַנְדְעָא בְּעִידָנַיָא וְזִמְנַיָא בְּסֵפֶר אוֹרַיְיתָא וְחוּשְׁבָּן עַלְמָא אֲרוּם הֵיכְדֵין יָאָה לְמֶהֱוֵי מִתְמַלֵל פִּתְגָם מַלְכָּא קֳדָם כָּל חַכִּים וְיָדְעֵי אוֹרַיְיתָא וְדִינָא׃
וַאֲמַר
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- אמר
- Transliteration
- w'mr
- Morphology
- prefixed conjunction ו + verbal root אמר, speech/action form
- Gloss
- and said, spoke
- Occurrences
- 3728
מַלְכָּא
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- מלך
- Transliteration
- mlk'
- Morphology
- prefixed preposition מ + noun masculine singular emphatic
- Gloss
- from king
- Occurrences
- 2509
לְחַכִּימַיָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חכימיא
- Transliteration
- lchkymy'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 37
בְּנוֹי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- נוי
- Transliteration
- bnwy
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 101
דְיִשָׂשׂכָר
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- יששכר
- Transliteration
- dyshshkr
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 27
דְחַכִּימִין
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חכימין
- Transliteration
- dchkymyn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 18
מַנְדְעָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- נדעא
- Transliteration
- mnd''
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 19
בְּעִידָנַיָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- עידניא
- Transliteration
- b'ydny'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 1
וְזִמְנַיָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- זמניא
- Transliteration
- wzmny'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 5
בְּסֵפֶר
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ספר
- Transliteration
- bspr
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 94
אוֹרַיְיתָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אורייתא
- Transliteration
- 'wryyt'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 19
וְחוּשְׁבָּן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חושבן
- Transliteration
- wchwshbn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 5
עַלְמָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- עלמא
- Transliteration
- 'lm'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 549
אֲרוּם
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ארום
- Transliteration
- 'rwm
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 997
הֵיכְדֵין
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- היכדין
- Transliteration
- hykdyn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 22
יָאָה
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- יאה
- Transliteration
- y'h
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 3
לְמֶהֱוֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- מהוי
- Transliteration
- lmhwy
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 206
מִתְמַלֵל
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- תמלל
- Transliteration
- mtmll
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 8
פִּתְגָם
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- פתגם
- Transliteration
- ptgm
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 245
מַלְכָּא
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- מלך
- Transliteration
- mlk'
- Morphology
- prefixed preposition מ + noun masculine singular emphatic
- Gloss
- from king
- Occurrences
- 2509
קֳדָם
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- קדם
- Transliteration
- qdm
- Morphology
- prepositional or nominal form
- Gloss
- before, in front of, east
- Occurrences
- 2023
כָּל
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- כל
- Transliteration
- kl
- Morphology
- collective noun/adjective
- Gloss
- all, every
- Occurrences
- 2135
חַכִּים
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חכים
- Transliteration
- chkym
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 42
וְיָדְעֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ידעי
- Transliteration
- wyd'y
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 10
אוֹרַיְיתָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אורייתא
- Transliteration
- 'wryyt'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 19
וְדִינָא׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- דינא
- Transliteration
- wdyn'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 66
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
interrogavit sapientes, qui ex more regio semper ei aderant, et illorum faciebat cuncta consilio, scientium leges, ac jura majorum
interrogavit
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- interrogo
- Transliteration
- interrogavit
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 200
sapientes
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sapiens
- Transliteration
- sapientes
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 208
qui
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- qui
- Transliteration
- qui
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 15011
ex
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ex
- Transliteration
- ex
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Occurrences
- 1715
more
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- mos
- Transliteration
- more
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 43
regio
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- regius
- Transliteration
- regio
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 22
semper
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- semper
- Transliteration
- semper
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 180
ei
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- ei
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
aderant
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- assum
- Transliteration
- aderant
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 57
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
illorum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ille
- Transliteration
- illorum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 4947
faciebat
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- facio
- Transliteration
- faciebat
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 4719
cuncta
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- cunctus
- Transliteration
- cuncta
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 586
consilio
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- consilium
- Transliteration
- consilio
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 232
scientium
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sciens
- Transliteration
- scientium
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 6
leges
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- lex
- Transliteration
- leges
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 596
ac
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ac
- Transliteration
- ac
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 184
iura
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ius
- Transliteration
- iura
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 33
maiorum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- maiores
- Transliteration
- maiorum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 6
These notes explain relevant source panels that are not shown for this verse because of source coverage, licensing, alternate traditions, or versification structure.
-
Greek LXX
alternate tradition
The current Greek Brenton source archive does not expose this as the same canonical book. Related Greek Esther/Ezra traditions are tracked under separate or alternate structures where available.
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
1 Chronicles 12:32
Of the children of Issachar, men who had understanding of the times, to know what Israel ought to do, their heads were two hundred; and all their brothers were at their command.
6 relevance votesDaniel 2:2
Then the king commanded that the magicians, the enchanters, the sorcerers, and the Chaldeans be called to tell the king his dreams. So they came in and stood before the king.
4 relevance votesJeremiah 10:7
Who shouldn’t fear you, King of the nations? For it belongs to you. Because among all the wise men of the nations, and in all their royal estate, there is no one like you.
4 relevance votesMatthew 16:3
In the morning, ‘It will be foul weather today, for the sky is red and threatening.’ Hypocrites! You know how to discern the appearance of the sky, but you can’t discern the signs of the times!
3 relevance votesDaniel 2:12
Because of this, the king was angry and very furious, and commanded that all the wise men of Babylon be destroyed.
3 relevance votesDaniel 5:7
The king cried aloud to bring in the enchanters, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers. The king spoke and said to the wise men of Babylon, “Whoever reads this writing and shows me its interpretation shall be clothed with purple, and have a chain of gold about his neck, and shall be the third ruler in the kingdom.”
3 relevance votesMatthew 2:1
Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of King Herod, behold, wise men from the east came to Jerusalem, saying,
2 relevance votesDaniel 2:27
Daniel answered before the king, and said, “The secret which the king has demanded can’t be shown to the king by wise men, enchanters, magicians, or soothsayers;
1 relevance votes