Esther 1

World English Bible, Verse 12

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¹² But the queen Vashti refused to come at the king’s commandment by the eunuchs. Therefore the king was very angry, and his anger burned in him.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Esther 1:12. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 4

Word Entries 66

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וַתְּמָאֵ֞ן הַמַּלְכָּ֣ה וַשְׁתִּ֗י לָבוֹא֙ בִּדְבַ֣ר הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּיַ֣ד הַסָּרִיסִ֑ים וַיִּקְצֹ֤ף הַמֶּ֙לֶךְ֙ מְאֹ֔ד וַחֲמָת֖וֹ בָּעֲרָ֥ה בֽוֹ׃

15 word entries

וַתְּמָאֵ֞ן

Lemma: c/3985
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb piel sequential imperfect 3rd person feminine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3985
Occurrences: 15

הַמַּלְכָּ֣ה

Lemma: d/4436
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H4436
Occurrences: 23

וַשְׁתִּ֗י

Lemma: 2060
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2060
Occurrences: 10

לָבוֹא֙

Lemma: l/935
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + verb qal infinitive construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H935
Occurrences: 124

בִּדְבַ֣ר

Lemma: b/1697
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H1697
Occurrences: 59

הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ

Lemma: d/4428
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H4428
Occurrences: 1083

אֲשֶׁ֖ר

Lemma: 834 a
Morphology: Hebrew: particle relative
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H834
Occurrences: 4808

בְּיַ֣ד

Lemma: b/3027
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common both gender singular construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H3027
Occurrences: 546

הַסָּרִיסִ֑ים

Lemma: d/5631
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H5631
Occurrences: 14

וַיִּקְצֹ֤ף

Lemma: c/7107
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H7107
Occurrences: 13

הַמֶּ֨לֶךְ֙

Lemma: d/4428
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H4428
Occurrences: 1083

מְאֹ֔ד

Lemma: 3966
Morphology: Hebrew: adverb
Part of Speech: adverb
Strong's: H3966
Occurrences: 293

וַחֲמָת֖וֹ

Lemma: c/2534
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common feminine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H2534
Occurrences: 8

בָּעֲרָ֥ה

Lemma: 1197 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H1197
Occurrences: 45

בֽוֹ

Lemma: b
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Occurrences: 1362

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܠܐ ܨܒܬ̣ ܘܫܬܝ ܡ̇ܠܟܬܐ ܠܡܥܠ܇ ܒܦܬܓܡܐ ܕܫ̇ܕܪ ܥܠܝܗ̇ ܒܐܝ̣ܕܐ ܕܡܗܝ̈ܡܢܐ. ܘܪܓ̣ܙ ܡ̇ܠܟܐ ܛܒ. ܘܚܡܬܗ ܡܬܓܘܙܠܐ ܗܘܬ.

16 word entries

ܘܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܠܐ
Transliteration: wl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1993

ܨܒܬ̣

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܨܒܬ
Transliteration: sbt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 4

ܘܫܬܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܫܬܝ
Transliteration: wshty
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 6

ܡ̇ܠܟܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܠܟܬܐ
Transliteration: mlkt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 21

ܠܡܥܠ܇

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܡܥܠ
Transliteration: lm'l
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 26

ܒܦܬܓܡܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܦܬܓܡܐ
Transliteration: bptgm'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 9

ܕܫ̇ܕܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܫܕܪ
Transliteration: dshdr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 21

ܥܠܝܗ̇

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠܝܗ
Transliteration: 'lyh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 124

ܒܐܝ̣ܕܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܐܝܕܐ
Transliteration: b'yd'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 121

ܕܡܗܝ̈ܡܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܡܗܝܡܢܐ
Transliteration: dmhymn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 3

ܘܪܓ̣ܙ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܪܓܙ
Transliteration: wrgz
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 13

ܡ̇ܠܟܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܡܠܟܐ
Transliteration: malka
Morphology: noun, masculine emphatic singular
Gloss: king
Occurrences: 1870

ܛܒ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܛܒ
Transliteration: tb
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 279

ܘܚܡܬܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܚܡܬܗ
Transliteration: whmth
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 4

ܡܬܓܘܙܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܬܓܘܙܠܐ
Transliteration: mtgwzl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 5

ܗܘܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܗܘܬ
Transliteration: hwt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 315

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וְסָרִיבַת מַלְכְּתָא וַשְׁתִּי לְמֵיעַל בִּגְזֵרַת מֵימַר מַלְכָּא דְאִתְפַּקְדַת בְּיַד רַבְרְבָנַיָא וּרְגִיז מַלְכָּא לַחֲדָא וְחַמְתֵיהּ רַתְחַת בֵּיהּ׃

16 word entries

וְסָרִיבַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סריבת
Transliteration: wsrybt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 6

מַלְכְּתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: לכתא
Transliteration: mlkt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 34

וַשְׁתִּי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שתי
Transliteration: wshty
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 44

לְמֵיעַל

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מיעל
Transliteration: lmy'l
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 55

בִּגְזֵרַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גזרת
Transliteration: bgzrt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 11

מֵימַר

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: אמר
Transliteration: mymr
Morphology: prefixed preposition מ + speech root/form
Gloss: from to say, saying
Occurrences: 3728

מַלְכָּא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מלך
Transliteration: mlk'
Morphology: prefixed preposition מ + noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss: from king
Occurrences: 2509

דְאִתְפַּקְדַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אתפקדת
Transliteration: d'tpqdt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

בְּיַד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ביד
Transliteration: byd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 191

רַבְרְבָנַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רברבניא
Transliteration: rbrbny'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 17

וּרְגִיז

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רגיז
Transliteration: wrgyz
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 17

מַלְכָּא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מלך
Transliteration: mlk'
Morphology: prefixed preposition מ + noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss: from king
Occurrences: 2509

לַחֲדָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חדא
Transliteration: lchd'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 562

וְחַמְתֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חמתיה
Transliteration: wchmtyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 5

רַתְחַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רתחת
Transliteration: rtcht
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

בֵּיהּ׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ביה
Transliteration: byh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 359

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Quæ renuit, et ad regis imperium quod per eunuchos mandaverat, venire contempsit. Unde iratus rex, et nimio furore succensus,

19 word entries

quae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: quae
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

rennuit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: rennuo
Transliteration: rennuit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 10

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ad
Transliteration: ad
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 7531

regis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: rex
Transliteration: regis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 2981

imperium

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: imperium
Transliteration: imperium
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 78

quod

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: quod
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

per

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: per
Transliteration: per
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 1915

eunuchos

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: eunuchus
Transliteration: eunuchos
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 52

mandaverat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: mando
Transliteration: mandaverat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 118

venire

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uenio
Transliteration: venire
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 2233

contempsit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: contemno
Transliteration: contempsit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 67

unde

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: unde
Transliteration: unde
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 151

iratus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: iratus
Transliteration: iratus
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 26

rex

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: rex
Transliteration: rex
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 2981

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

nimio

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: nimius
Transliteration: nimio
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 30

furore

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: furor
Transliteration: furore
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 233

succensus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: succendo
Transliteration: succensus
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 118

Source availability notes

These notes explain relevant source panels that are not shown for this verse because of source coverage, licensing, alternate traditions, or versification structure.

Greek LXX alternate tradition
The current Greek Brenton source archive does not expose this as the same canonical book. Related Greek Esther/Ezra traditions are tracked under separate or alternate structures where available.

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Esther 1

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

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1 Peter 3:1

Proverbs 20:2

Exodus 32:22

Ephesians 5:24

Psalms 79:5

Nahum 1:6

Deuteronomy 29:20

Daniel 2:12

Exodus 32:19

Daniel 3:13

Ephesians 5:22