28 And because they had not the mind to keep God in their knowledge, God gave them up to an evil mind, to do those things which are not right;
Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Romans 1:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
4
Word Entries
75
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Greek Textus Receptus
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament
Greek New Testament source layer with imported morphology.
Καὶ καθὼς οὐκ ἐδοκίμασαν τὸν Θεὸν ἔχειν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει, παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν, ποιεῖν τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα,
20 word entries
Καὶ
καθὼς
οὐκ
ἐδοκίμασαν
- Lemma
- edokimasan
- Transliteration
- edokimasan
- Morphology
- Greek: verb aorist active indicative plural
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Strong's
- G1381
- Occurrences
- 2
τὸν
Θεὸν
ἔχειν
ἐν
ἐπιγνώσει
παρέδωκεν
αὐτοὺς
ὁ
Θεὸς
εἰς
ἀδόκιμον
νοῦν
ποιεῖν
τὰ
μὴ
Tischendorf / Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament sample / proof panel
Proof-of-flow source panel, not full coverage.
καὶ καθὼς οὐκ ἐδοκίμασαν τὸν θεὸν ἔχειν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει, παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ θεὸς εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν, ποιεῖν τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα,
20 word entries
καὶ
τὸν
θεὸν
ἐν
παρέδωκεν
- Lemma
- παραδίδωμι
- Morphology
- V-AAI-3S
- Part of Speech
- V
- Strong's
- G3860
- Occurrences
- 119
ὁ
θεὸς
ποιεῖν
τὰ
Syriac Peshitta New Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: New Testament
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܘܐܝܟ ܕܠܐ ܕܢܘ ܒܢܦܫܗܘܢ ܕܢܕܥܘܢ ܠܐܠܗܐ ܐܫܠܡ ܐܢܘܢ ܐܠܗܐ ܠܡܕܥܐ ܕܣܪܝܩܘܬܐ ܕܢܗܘܘܢ ܥܒܕܝܢ ܡܕܡ ܕܠܐ ܘܠܐ
16 word entries
ܘܐܝܟ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܐܝܟ
- Transliteration
- w'yk
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 38
ܕܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܠܐ
- Transliteration
- dl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 720
ܕܢܘ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܢܘ
- Transliteration
- dnw
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 2
ܒܢܦܫܗܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܢܦܫܗܘܢ
- Transliteration
- bnpshhwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 18
ܕܢܕܥܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܢܕܥܘܢ
- Transliteration
- dnd'wn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 1
ܠܐܠܗܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܐܠܗܐ
- Transliteration
- l'lh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 182
ܐܫܠܡ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܫܠܡ
- Transliteration
- 'shlm
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 7
ܐܢܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܢܘܢ
- Transliteration
- 'nwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
- Occurrences
- 462
ܐܠܗܐ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܐܠܗܐ
- Transliteration
- alaha
- Morphology
- noun, masculine emphatic singular
- Gloss
- God
- Occurrences
- 497
ܠܡܕܥܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܡܕܥܐ
- Transliteration
- lmd''
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 1
ܕܣܪܝܩܘܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܣܪܝܩܘܬܐ
- Transliteration
- dsryqwt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 2
ܕܢܗܘܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܢܗܘܘܢ
- Transliteration
- dnhwwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 39
ܥܒܕܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܒܕܝܢ
- Transliteration
- 'bdyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 53
ܡܕܡ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܕܡ
- Transliteration
- mdm
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 403
ܕܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܠܐ
- Transliteration
- dl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 720
ܘܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܠܐ
- Transliteration
- wl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 732
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Et sicut non probaverunt Deum habere in notitia, tradidit illos Deus in reprobum sensum, ut faciant ea quæ non conveniunt,
19 word entries
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
sicut
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sicut
- Transliteration
- sicut
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 1559
non
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- non
- Transliteration
- non
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 7320
probaverunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- probo
- Transliteration
- probaverunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 107
Deum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- deus
- Transliteration
- Deum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Gloss
- God
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- God, deity
- Etymology
- Latin noun for God or a god.
- Occurrences
- 4889
habere
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- habeo
- Transliteration
- habere
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 1641
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
notitia
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- notitia
- Transliteration
- notitia
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 3
tradidit
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- trado
- Transliteration
- tradidit
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 513
eos
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eos
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
Deus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- deus
- Transliteration
- Deus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Gloss
- God
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- God, deity
- Etymology
- Latin noun for God or a god.
- Occurrences
- 4889
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
reprobum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- reprobus
- Transliteration
- reprobum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 10
sensum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sensus
- Transliteration
- sensum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 72
ut
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ut
- Transliteration
- ut
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 4533
faciant
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- facio
- Transliteration
- faciant
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 4719
quae
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- qui
- Transliteration
- quae
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 15011
non
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- non
- Transliteration
- non
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 7320
conveniunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- conuenio
- Transliteration
- conveniunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 101
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Romans 1:21
Because, having the knowledge of God, they did not give glory to God as God, and did not give praise, but their minds were full of foolish things, and their hearts, being without sense, were made dark.
30 relevance votesTitus 1:16
They say that they have knowledge of God, while by their acts they are turning their backs on him; they are hated by all, hard-hearted, and judged to be without value for any good work.
30 relevance votesJeremiah 9:6
There is wrong on wrong, deceit on deceit; they have given up the knowledge of me, says the Lord.
19 relevance votesRomans 1:24
For this reason God gave them up to the evil desires of their hearts, working shame in their bodies with one another:
17 relevance votes2 Timothy 3:8
And as James and Jambres went against Moses, so do these go against what is true: men of evil minds, who, tested by faith, are seen to be false.
11 relevance votesJeremiah 6:30
They will be named waste silver, because the Lord has given them up.
9 relevance votesJeremiah 4:22
For my people are foolish, they have no knowledge of me; they are evil-minded children, without sense, all of them: they are wise in evil-doing, but have no knowledge of doing good.
9 relevance votesProverbs 1:22
How long, you simple ones, will foolish things be dear to you? and pride a delight to the haters of authority? how long will the foolish go on hating knowledge?
8 relevance votesHosea 4:6
Destruction has overtaken my people because they have no knowledge; because you have given up knowledge, I will give you up, so that you will be no priest to me, because you have not kept in mind the law of your God, I will not keep your children in my memory.
8 relevance votes1 Corinthians 15:34
Be awake to righteousness and keep yourselves from sin; for some have no knowledge of God: I say this to put you to shame.
8 relevance votesProverbs 1:7
The fear of the Lord is the start of knowledge: but the foolish have no use for wisdom and teaching.
8 relevance votesProverbs 1:29
For they were haters of knowledge, and did not give their hearts to the fear of the Lord:
8 relevance votes