20 For from the first making of the world, those things of God which the eye is unable to see, that is, his eternal power and existence, are fully made clear, he having given the knowledge of them through the things which he has made, so that men have no reason for wrongdoing:
Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Romans 1:20. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
4
Word Entries
84
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Greek Textus Receptus
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament
Greek New Testament source layer with imported morphology.
Τὰ γὰρ ἀόρατα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου τοῖς ποιήμασι νοούμενα καθορᾶται, ἥ τε ἀΐδιος αὐτοῦ δύναμις καὶ θειότης, εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτοὺς ἀναπολογήτους·
23 word entries
Τὰ
γὰρ
ἀόρατα
αὐτοῦ
ἀπὸ
κτίσεως
κόσμου
τοῖς
ποιήμασι
νοούμενα
καθορᾶται
ἥ
τε
ἀΐδιος
αὐτοῦ
δύναμις
καὶ
θειότης
εἰς
τὸ
εἶναι
αὐτοὺς
ἀναπολογήτους
- Lemma
- anapologhtouv
- Transliteration
- anapologhtouv
- Morphology
- Greek: adjective accusative plural masculine
- Part of Speech
- adjective
- Strong's
- G379
- Occurrences
- 1
Tischendorf / Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament sample / proof panel
Proof-of-flow source panel, not full coverage.
τὰ γὰρ ἀόρατα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου τοῖς ποιήμασιν νοούμενα καθορᾶται, ἥ τε ἀΐδιος αὐτοῦ δύναμις καὶ θειότης, εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτοὺς ἀναπολογήτους·
23 word entries
τὰ
τοῖς
ἥ
καὶ
τὸ
εἶναι
ἀναπολογήτους·
- Lemma
- ἀναπολόγητος
- Morphology
- A-APM
- Part of Speech
- A
- Strong's
- G0379
- Occurrences
- 2
Syriac Peshitta New Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: New Testament
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܟܣܝܬܗ ܓܝܪ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܡܢ ܬܪܡܝܬܗ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܠܒܪܝܬܗ ܒܣܘܟܠܐ ܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܘܚܝܠܗ ܘܐܠܗܘܬܗ ܕܠܥܠܡ ܕܢܗܘܘܢ ܕܠܐ ܡܦܩ ܒܪܘܚ
16 word entries
ܟܣܝܬܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܟܣܝܬܗ
- Transliteration
- ksyth
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 3
ܓܝܪ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܓܝܪ
- Transliteration
- gyr
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 1085
ܕܐܠܗܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܐܠܗܐ
- Transliteration
- d'lh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 586
ܡܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܢ
- Transliteration
- mn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 2166
ܬܪܡܝܬܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܬܪܡܝܬܗ
- Transliteration
- trmyth
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 8
ܕܥܠܡܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܥܠܡܐ
- Transliteration
- d'lm'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 73
ܠܒܪܝܬܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܒܪܝܬܗ
- Transliteration
- lbryth
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 1
ܒܣܘܟܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܣܘܟܠܐ
- Transliteration
- bswkl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 1
ܡܬܚܙܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܬܚܙܝܢ
- Transliteration
- mthzyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 8
ܘܚܝܠܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܚܝܠܗ
- Transliteration
- whylh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 2
ܘܐܠܗܘܬܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܐܠܗܘܬܗ
- Transliteration
- w'lhwth
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1
ܕܠܥܠܡ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܠܥܠܡ
- Transliteration
- dl'lm
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 70
ܕܢܗܘܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܢܗܘܘܢ
- Transliteration
- dnhwwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 39
ܕܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܠܐ
- Transliteration
- dl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 720
ܡܦܩ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܦܩ
- Transliteration
- mpq
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 21
ܒܪܘܚ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܪܘܚ
- Transliteration
- brwh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 29
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Invisibilia enim ipsius, a creatura mundi, per ea quæ facta sunt, intellecta, conspiciuntur: sempiterna quoque ejus virtus, et divinitas: ita ut sint inexcusabiles.
22 word entries
invisibilia
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- inuisibilis
- Transliteration
- invisibilia
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 9
enim
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- enim
- Transliteration
- enim
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 2392
ipsius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ipse
- Transliteration
- ipsius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 2134
a
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ab
- Transliteration
- a
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Occurrences
- 3693
creatura
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- creatura
- Transliteration
- creatura
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 40
mundi
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- mundus
- Transliteration
- mundi
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 322
per
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- per
- Transliteration
- per
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Occurrences
- 1915
ea
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- ea
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
quae
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- qui
- Transliteration
- quae
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 15011
facta
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- facio
- Transliteration
- facta
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 4719
sunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- sunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
intellecta
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- intelligo
- Transliteration
- intellecta
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 211
conspiciuntur
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- conspicio
- Transliteration
- conspiciuntur
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 21
sempiterna
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sempiternus
- Transliteration
- sempiterna
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 167
quoque
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- quoque
- Transliteration
- quoque
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 773
eius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
virtus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uirtus
- Transliteration
- virtus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 353
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
divinitas
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- diuinitas
- Transliteration
- divinitas
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 3
ut
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ut
- Transliteration
- ut
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 4533
sint
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- sint
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
inexcusabiles
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- inexcusabilis
- Transliteration
- inexcusabiles
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 2
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Romans 1:19
Because the knowledge of God may be seen in them, God having made it clear to them.
57 relevance votesIsaiah 40:26
Let your eyes be lifted up on high, and see: who has made these? He who sends out their numbered army: who has knowledge of all their names: by whose great strength, because he is strong in power, all of them are in their places.
44 relevance votesPsalms 8:3
When I see your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars, which you have put in their places;
41 relevance votesRomans 2:15
Because the work of the law is seen in their hearts, their sense of right and wrong giving witness to it, while their minds are at one time judging them and at another giving them approval;
17 relevance votesJohn 15:22
If I had not come and been their teacher they would have had no sin: but now they have no reason to give for their sin.
16 relevance votesPsalms 104:5
He has made the earth strong on its bases, so that it may not be moved for ever and ever;
14 relevance votesJohn 1:18
No man has seen God at any time; the only Son, who is on the breast of the Father, he has made clear what God is.
14 relevance votes1 Timothy 1:17
Now to the King eternal, ever-living, unseen, the only God, be honour and glory for ever and ever. So be it.
13 relevance votesPsalms 139:13
My flesh was made by you, and my parts joined together in my mother's body.
13 relevance votesPsalms 119:90
Your faith is unchanging from generation to generation: you have put the earth in its place, and it is not moved.
12 relevance votesDeuteronomy 4:19
And when your eyes are lifted up to heaven, and you see the sun and the moon and the stars, all the army of heaven, do not let yourselves be moved to give them worship, or become the servants of what the Lord has given equally to all peoples under heaven.
12 relevance votesColossians 2:9
For in him all the wealth of God's being has a living form,
12 relevance votes