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Bible in Basic English

Proverbs 24

Bible in Basic English, Verse 28

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²⁸ Do not be a violent witness against your neighbour, or let your lips say what is false.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 24:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 46

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

אַל־תְּהִ֣י עֵד־חִנָּ֣ם בְּרֵעֶ֑ךָ וַ֝הֲפִתִּ֗יתָ בִּשְׂפָתֶֽיךָ׃

7 word entries

אַל

Lemma: 408
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H408
Occurrences: 576

תְּהִ֣י

Lemma: 1961
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal jussive 2rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H1961
Occurrences: 1660

עֵד

Lemma: 5707
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5707
Occurrences: 51

חִנָּ֣ם

Lemma: 2600
Morphology: Hebrew: adverb
Part of Speech: adverb
Strong's: H2600
Occurrences: 31

בְּרֵעֶ֑ךָ

Lemma: b/7453
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H7453
Occurrences: 15

וַ֝הֲפִתִּ֗יתָ

Lemma: c/i/6601 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + particle + verb piel perfect 2rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H6601
Occurrences: 1

בִּשְׂפָתֶֽיךָ

Lemma: b/8193
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common feminine dual construct + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H8193
Occurrences: 16

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Μὴ ἴσθι ψευδὴς μάρτυς ἐπὶ σὸν πολίτην, μηδὲ πλατύνου σοῖς χείλεσι.

11 word entries

Μὴ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μή
Transliteration: me
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not, lest
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle commonly used with non-indicative moods.
Occurrences: 2979

ἴσθι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἴσθι
Transliteration: isthi
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 13

ψευδὴς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ψευδὴς
Transliteration: pseydes
Morphology: genitive singular feminine or nominative masculine pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 12

μάρτυς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: μάρτυς
Transliteration: martys
Morphology: nominative masculine/feminine singular or accusative plural pattern depending on context
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 35

ἐπὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐπί
Transliteration: epi
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, over, against
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
Occurrences: 6685

σὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σὸν
Transliteration: son
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 25

πολίτην

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πολίτην
Transliteration: politen
Morphology: accusative singular feminine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

μηδὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μηδέ
Transliteration: mede
Morphology: negative conjunction/particle
Gloss: and not, nor
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Negative coordinating conjunction/particle.
Occurrences: 130

πλατύνου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: πλατύνου
Transliteration: platynoy
Morphology: genitive singular masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

σοῖς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σοῖς
Transliteration: sois
Morphology: dative plural masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: to/for ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 11

χείλεσι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: χείλεσι
Transliteration: cheilesi
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 9

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܠܐ ܬܗܘܐ ܣܗܕܐ ܕܓܠܐ ܥܠ ܚܒܪܟ ܘܠܐ ܬܦܬܦܬܝܘܗܝ ܒܣ̈ܦܘܬܟ

9 word entries

ܠܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܠܐ
Transliteration: la
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2566

ܬܗܘܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܬܗܘܐ
Transliteration: thw'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 132

ܣܗܕܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܣܗܕܐ
Transliteration: shd'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 23

ܕܓܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܓܠܐ
Transliteration: dgl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 55

ܥܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠ
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3346

ܚܒܪܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܒܪܟ
Transliteration: hbrk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 6

ܘܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܠܐ
Transliteration: wl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1993

ܬܦܬܦܬܝܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܬܦܬܦܬܝܘܗܝ
Transliteration: tptptywhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 1

ܒܣ̈ܦܘܬܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܣܦܘܬܟ
Transliteration: bspwtk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 3

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

לָא תֶהֱוֵי סָהֲדָא רַגָלָא בְּחַבְרָךְ וּתְשַׁרְגֵג בְּשִׂפְוָתָךְ׃

7 word entries

לָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: לא
Transliteration: l'
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2611

תֶהֱוֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תהוי
Transliteration: thwy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 20

סָהֲדָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סהדא
Transliteration: shd'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 10

רַגָלָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רגלא
Transliteration: rgl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 13

בְּחַבְרָךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חברך
Transliteration: bchbrk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 19

וּתְשַׁרְגֵג

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תשרגג
Transliteration: wtshrgg
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 2

בְּשִׂפְוָתָךְ׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שפותך
Transliteration: bshpwtk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 4

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Ne sis testis frustra contra proximum tuum, nec lactes quemquam labiis tuis.

12 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ne
Transliteration: ne
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 1109

sis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: sis
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

testis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: testis
Transliteration: testis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 97

frustra

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: frustra
Transliteration: frustra
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 48

contra

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: contra
Transliteration: contra
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 895

proximum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: proximum
Transliteration: proximum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 37

tuum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tuus
Transliteration: tuum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5615

nec

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: nec
Transliteration: nec
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 750

lactes

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: lac
Transliteration: lactes
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 55

quemquam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quisquam
Transliteration: quemquam
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 177

labiis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: labium
Transliteration: labiis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 109

tuis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tuus
Transliteration: tuis
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5615

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Ephesians 4:25

And so, putting away false words, let everyone say what is true to his neighbour: for we are parts one of another.

5 relevance votes

Proverbs 25:18

One who gives false witness against his neighbour is a hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow.

3 relevance votes

Psalms 35:7

For without cause they have put a net ready for me secretly, in which to take my soul.

2 relevance votes

Exodus 20:16

Do not give false witness against your neighbour.

2 relevance votes

Proverbs 19:5

A false witness will not go without punishment, and the breather out of deceit will not go free.

2 relevance votes

Job 2:3

And the Lord said to the Satan, Have you taken note of my servant Job, for there is no one like him on the earth, a man without sin and upright, fearing God and keeping himself far from evil? and he still keeps his righteousness, though you have been moving me to send destruction on him without cause.

2 relevance votes

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Proverbs 24

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Ephesians 4:25

Proverbs 25:18

Psalms 35:7

Exodus 20:16

Proverbs 19:5

Job 2:3

Proverbs 21:28

Psalms 35:11

Colossians 3:9

Proverbs 19:9

Proverbs 14:5

Psalms 52:1