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Bible in Basic English

Proverbs 25

Bible in Basic English, Verse 18

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¹⁸ One who gives false witness against his neighbour is a hammer and a sword and a sharp arrow.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 25:18. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 63

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

מֵפִ֣יץ וְ֭חֶרֶב וְחֵ֣ץ שָׁנ֑וּן אִ֥ישׁ עֹנֶ֥ה בְ֝רֵעֵ֗הוּ עֵ֣ד שָֽׁקֶר׃

9 word entries

מֵפִ֣יץ

Lemma: 4650
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H4650
Occurrences: 1

וְ֭חֶרֶב

Lemma: c/2719
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H2719
Occurrences: 24

וְחֵ֣ץ

Lemma: c/2671
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H2671
Occurrences: 8

שָׁנ֑וּן

Lemma: 8150
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle passive
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H8150
Occurrences: 8

אִ֥ישׁ

Lemma: 376
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H376
Occurrences: 1458

עֹנֶ֥ה

Lemma: 6030 b
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H6030
Occurrences: 133

בְ֝רֵעֵ֗הוּ

Lemma: b/7453
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H7453
Occurrences: 15

עֵ֣ד

Lemma: 5707
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5707
Occurrences: 51

שָֽׁקֶר

Lemma: 8267
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H8267
Occurrences: 91

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ῥόπαλον καὶ μάχαιρα καὶ τόξευμα ἀκιδωτὸν, οὕτως καὶ ἀνὴρ ὁ καταμαρτυρῶν τοῦ φίλου αὐτοῦ μαρτυρίαν ψευδῆ.

16 word entries

Ῥόπαλον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ῥόπαλον
Transliteration: opalon
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

μάχαιρα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: μάχαιρα
Transliteration: machaira
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 156

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

τόξευμα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: τόξευμα
Transliteration: toxeyma
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ἀκιδωτὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἀκιδωτὸν
Transliteration: akidoton
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

οὕτως

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὕτως
Transliteration: houtos
Morphology: adverb
Gloss: thus, so
Part of Speech: adverb
Definition: Thus, so, in this way.
Occurrences: 776

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἀνὴρ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀνήρ
Transliteration: aner
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: man, husband
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Man, male, husband.
Occurrences: 1573

ὁ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

καταμαρτυρῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: καταμαρτυρῶν
Transliteration: katamartyron
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

τοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

φίλου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: φίλου
Transliteration: philoy
Morphology: genitive singular masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

μαρτυρίαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: μαρτυρίαν
Transliteration: martyrian
Morphology: aorist 3rd plural verb pattern or accusative feminine noun pattern depending on context
Gloss: they ... / ...
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

ψευδῆ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ψευδής
Transliteration: pseude
Morphology: adjective, accusative masculine/feminine singular or neuter nominative/accusative plural
Gloss: false, lying
Part of Speech: adjective
Definition: False, lying, deceitful.
Occurrences: 51

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܐܝܟ ܦܕܘܥܐ ܘܣܝܦܐ ܘܓܐܪܐ ܫܢܝܢܐ ܗܟܢܐ ܗܘ ܓܒܪܐ ܕܡܣܗܕ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܕܓܠܬܐ ܥܠ ܚܒܪܗ

13 word entries

ܐܝܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܝܟ
Transliteration: 'yk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2051

ܦܕܘܥܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܦܕܘܥܐ
Transliteration: pdw''
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 2

ܘܣܝܦܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܣܝܦܐ
Transliteration: wsyp'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 7

ܘܓܐܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܓܐܪܐ
Transliteration: wg'r'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 5

ܫܢܝܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܫܢܝܢܐ
Transliteration: shnyn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 3

ܗܟܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܗܟܢܐ
Transliteration: hkn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 718

ܗܘ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܗܘ
Transliteration: hu
Morphology: pronoun/copula, masculine singular
Gloss: he, it, is
Occurrences: 2003

ܓܒܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܓܒܪܐ
Transliteration: gbr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 622

ܕܡܣܗܕ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܡܣܗܕ
Transliteration: dmshd
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 2

ܣܗܕܘܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܣܗܕܘܬܐ
Transliteration: shdwt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 10

ܕܓܠܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܓܠܬܐ
Transliteration: dglt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 13

ܥܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠ
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3346

ܚܒܪܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܒܪܗ
Transliteration: hbrh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 31

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

אֵיךְ פְּרִיעָא וְסַיְפָא נְגִידָא שְׁנִינָא גַבְרָא דְמַסְהַד עַל חַבְרֵיהּ סַהֲדוּתָא דְשִׁקְרָא׃

11 word entries

אֵיךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: איך
Transliteration: 'yk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 13

פְּרִיעָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: פריעא
Transliteration: pry''
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1

וְסַיְפָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סיפא
Transliteration: wsyp'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 36

נְגִידָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נגידא
Transliteration: ngyd'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 8

שְׁנִינָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שנינא
Transliteration: shnyn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1

גַבְרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גברא
Transliteration: gbr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 524

דְמַסְהַד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מסהד
Transliteration: dmshd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

עַל

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: על
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, against, concerning
Occurrences: 3568

חַבְרֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חבריה
Transliteration: chbryh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 101

סַהֲדוּתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סהדותא
Transliteration: shdwt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 12

דְשִׁקְרָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שקרא
Transliteration: dshqr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 195

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Jaculum, et gladius, et sagitta acuta, homo qui loquitur contra proximum suum falsum testimonium.

14 word entries

iaculum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: iaculum
Transliteration: iaculum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 11

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

gladius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: gladius
Transliteration: gladius
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 462

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

sagitta

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sagitta
Transliteration: sagitta
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 67

acuta

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: acutus
Transliteration: acuta
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 22

homo

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: homo
Transliteration: homo
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1653

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

loquitur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: loquor
Transliteration: loquitur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 1543

contra

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: contra
Transliteration: contra
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 895

proximum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: propior
Transliteration: proximum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 158

suum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: suus
Transliteration: suum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5783

testimonium

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: testimonium
Transliteration: testimonium
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 298

falsum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: falsus
Transliteration: falsum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 41

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Proverbs 25

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Ranked cross references

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