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World English Bible

Psalms 48

World English Bible, Verse 3

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³ God has shown himself in her citadels as a refuge.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Psalms 48:3. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 61

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

יְפֵ֥ה נוֹף֮ מְשׂ֪וֹשׂ כָּל־הָ֫אָ֥רֶץ הַר־צִ֭יּוֹן יַרְכְּתֵ֣י צָפ֑וֹן קִ֝רְיַ֗ת מֶ֣לֶךְ רָֽב׃

12 word entries

יְפֵ֥ה

Lemma: 3303
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H3303
Occurrences: 35

נוֹף֮

Lemma: 5131
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5131
Occurrences: 1

מְשׂ֪וֹשׂ

Lemma: 4885
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H4885
Occurrences: 15

כָּל

Lemma: 3605
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3605
Occurrences: 3268

הָ֫אָ֥רֶץ

Lemma: d/776
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common both gender singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H776
Occurrences: 981

הַר

Lemma: 2022
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2022
Occurrences: 206

צִ֭יּוֹן

Lemma: 6726
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6726
Occurrences: 107

יַרְכְּתֵ֣י

Lemma: 3411
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine dual construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3411
Occurrences: 7

צָפ֑וֹן

Lemma: 6828
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6828
Occurrences: 81

קִ֝רְיַ֗ת

Lemma: 7151
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H7151
Occurrences: 24

מֶ֣לֶךְ

Lemma: 4428
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H4428
Occurrences: 1112

רָֽב

Lemma: 7227 a
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H7227
Occurrences: 362

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

οἵ τε γηγενεῖς καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐπιτοαυτὸ πλούσιος καὶ πένης.

12 word entries

οἵ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: οἵ
Transliteration: oi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 15

τε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: τε
Transliteration: te
Morphology: enclitic particle/conjunction
Gloss: and, also
Part of Speech: particle/conjunction
Definition: Connective enclitic particle.
Occurrences: 247

γηγενεῖς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: γηγενεῖς
Transliteration: gegeneis
Morphology: Greek -εις form; likely verb 2nd singular or plural noun/adjective depending on context
Gloss: form requires context
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

οἱ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

υἱοὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: υἱός
Transliteration: huios
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: son
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Son, descendant, or member of a group.
Occurrences: 4805

τῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἀνθρώπων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἄνθρωπος
Transliteration: anthropos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: human, man
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Human being, person, man.
Occurrences: 1305

ἐπιτοαυτὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐπιτοαυτὸ
Transliteration: epitoayto
Morphology: verb, middle/passive indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she was ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 24

πλούσιος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πλούσιος
Transliteration: ploysios
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 19

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

πένης

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πένης
Transliteration: penes
Morphology: genitive singular feminine or nominative masculine pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 13

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܡܫܒܚܐ ܚܕܘܬܐ ܒܟܠܗ̇ ܐܪܥܐ ܛܘܪܐ ܕܨܗܝܘܢ ܕܒܫ̈ܦܘܠܝ ܓܪܒܝܐ ܩܪܝܬܗ ܗܝ ܕܡܠܟܐ ܪܒܐ

12 word entries

ܘܡܫܒܚܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܡܫܒܚܐ
Transliteration: wmshbh'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 9

ܚܕܘܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܕܘܬܐ
Transliteration: hdwt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 46

ܒܟܠܗ̇

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܟܠܗ
Transliteration: bklh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 101

ܐܪܥܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܐܪܥܐ
Transliteration: ara
Morphology: noun, feminine emphatic singular
Gloss: earth, land
Occurrences: 731

ܛܘܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܛܘܪܐ
Transliteration: twr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 170

ܕܨܗܝܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܨܗܝܘܢ
Transliteration: dshywn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 54

ܕܒܫ̈ܦܘܠܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܒܫܦܘܠܝ
Transliteration: dbshpwly
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 3

ܓܪܒܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܓܪܒܝܐ
Transliteration: grby'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 28

ܩܪܝܬܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܩܪܝܬܗ
Transliteration: qryth
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 19

ܗܝ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܗܝ
Transliteration: hi
Morphology: pronoun/copula, feminine singular
Gloss: she, it, is
Occurrences: 578

ܕܡܠܟܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܡܠܟܐ
Transliteration: dmlk'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 458

ܪܒܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܪܒܐ
Transliteration: rb'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 334

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

שַׁפִּיר הֵיךְ חֲתָנָא חֶדְוַת כָּל יָתְבֵי אַרְעָא טוּרָא דְצִיוֹן שִׁידָא דְצִפוּנָא קִרְיְתָא דְמַלְכָּא רַבָּא׃

14 word entries

שַׁפִּיר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שפיר
Transliteration: shpyr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 51

הֵיךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: היך
Transliteration: hyk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 459

חֲתָנָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חתנא
Transliteration: chtn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 9

חֶדְוַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חדות
Transliteration: chdwt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 32

כָּל

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: כל
Transliteration: kl
Morphology: collective noun/adjective
Gloss: all, every
Occurrences: 2135

יָתְבֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יתבי
Transliteration: ytby
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 275

אַרְעָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: ארע
Transliteration: 'r''
Morphology: noun feminine singular emphatic
Gloss: earth, land
Occurrences: 1735

טוּרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: טורא
Transliteration: twr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 181

דְצִיוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ציון
Transliteration: dtsywn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 154

שִׁידָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שידא
Transliteration: shyd'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1

דְצִפוּנָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צפונא
Transliteration: dtspwn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 125

קִרְיְתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קריתא
Transliteration: qryt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 12

דְמַלְכָּא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מלך
Transliteration: dmlk'
Morphology: prefixed relative/genitive ד + noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss: of/that king
Occurrences: 2509

רַבָּא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רבא
Transliteration: rb'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 305

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

quique terrigenæ et filii hominum, simul in unum dives et pauper.

11 word entries

quique

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: quique
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

{quique}

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: que
Transliteration: {quique}
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 4392

terriginae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: terriginus
Transliteration: terriginae
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

filii

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: filius
Transliteration: filii
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 5067

hominum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: homo
Transliteration: hominum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1653

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

unum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: unus
Transliteration: unum
Morphology: GreLa POS: numeral
Occurrences: 1077

dives

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: diues
Transliteration: dives
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 101

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

pauper

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pauper
Transliteration: pauper
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 231

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Psalms 46:7

Yahweh of Armies is with us. The God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah.

6 relevance votes

Psalms 125:1

Those who trust in Yahweh are as Mount Zion, which can’t be moved, but remains forever.

6 relevance votes

2 Chronicles 12:7

When Yahweh saw that they humbled themselves, Yahweh’s word came to Shemaiah, saying, “They have humbled themselves. I will not destroy them, but I will grant them some deliverance, and my wrath won’t be poured out on Jerusalem by the hand of Shishak.

3 relevance votes

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