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World English Bible

Psalms 31

World English Bible, Verse 18

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¹⁸ Let the lying lips be mute, which speak against the righteous insolently, with pride and contempt.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Psalms 31:18. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 7

Word Entries 52

Editorial Notes 2

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

יְֽהוָ֗ה אַל־אֵ֭בוֹשָׁה כִּ֣י קְרָאתִ֑יךָ יֵבֹ֥שׁוּ רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יִדְּמ֥וּ לִשְׁאֽוֹל׃

9 word entries

יְֽהוָ֗ה

Lemma: 3068
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3068
Occurrences: 5701

אַל

Lemma: 408
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H408
Occurrences: 576

אֵ֭בוֹשָׁה

Lemma: 954
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal cohortative 1rd person common gender singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H954
Occurrences: 97

כִּ֣י

Lemma: 3588 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3588
Occurrences: 4218

קְרָאתִ֑יךָ

Lemma: 7121
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 1rd person common gender singular + suffix
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7121
Occurrences: 350

יֵבֹ֥שׁוּ

Lemma: 954
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H954
Occurrences: 97

רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים

Lemma: 7563
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H7563
Occurrences: 201

יִדְּמ֥וּ

Lemma: 1826 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H1826
Occurrences: 19

לִשְׁאֽוֹל

Lemma: l/7585
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun proper
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H7585
Occurrences: 5

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Shown from source reference 30:18 because this tradition numbers the passage differently.

Κύριε, μὴ καταισχυνθείην, ὅτι ἐπεκαλεσάμην σε· αἰσχυνθείησαν οἱ ἀσεβεῖς, καὶ καταχθείησαν εἰς ᾅδου.

13 word entries

Κύριε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κύριος
Transliteration: kyrios
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: Lord, master
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Lord, master, owner, or title for God.
Occurrences: 7934

μὴ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μή
Transliteration: me
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not, lest
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle commonly used with non-indicative moods.
Occurrences: 2979

καταισχυνθείην

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: καταισχυνθείην
Transliteration: kataischyntheien
Morphology: accusative singular feminine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 6

ὅτι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅτι
Transliteration: hoti
Morphology: subordinating conjunction
Gloss: that, because, for
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Conjunction introducing cause, content, or explanation.
Occurrences: 3703

ἐπεκαλεσάμην

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐπεκαλεσάμην
Transliteration: epekalesamen
Morphology: accusative singular feminine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

σε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: σύ
Transliteration: sy
Morphology: pronoun, nominative second-person singular
Gloss: you
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Second-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 12950

αἰσχυνθείησαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: αἰσχυνθείησαν
Transliteration: aischyntheiesan
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural pattern
Gloss: they ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 7

οἱ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἀσεβεῖς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀσεβής
Transliteration: asebeis
Morphology: adjective, nominative/accusative masculine/feminine plural
Gloss: ungodly, impious
Part of Speech: adjective
Definition: Ungodly, impious, or wicked.
Occurrences: 143

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

καταχθείησαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: καταχθείησαν
Transliteration: katachtheiesan
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural pattern
Gloss: they ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

εἰς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰς
Transliteration: eis
Morphology: preposition with accusative
Gloss: into, to, for
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
Occurrences: 6787

ᾅδου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ᾅδης
Transliteration: hadou
Morphology: noun, masculine genitive singular
Gloss: of Hades, of Sheol
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Hades, the underworld, or the realm of the dead.
Occurrences: 66

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܡܪܝܐ ܠܐ ܐܒܗܬ ܕܩܪܝܬܟ ܢܒܗܬܘܢ ܪ̈ܫܝܥܐ ܘܢܚܬܘܢ ܠܫܝܘܠ

8 word entries

ܡܪܝܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܡܪܝܐ
Transliteration: maryah
Morphology: divine title, emphatic form
Gloss: Lord
Occurrences: 2917

ܠܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܠܐ
Transliteration: la
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2566

ܐܒܗܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܒܗܬ
Transliteration: 'bht
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 9

ܕܩܪܝܬܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܩܪܝܬܟ
Transliteration: dqrytk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 5

ܢܒܗܬܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܒܗܬܘܢ
Transliteration: nbhtwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
Occurrences: 21

ܪ̈ܫܝܥܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܪܫܝܥܐ
Transliteration: rshy''
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 77

ܘܢܚܬܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܢܚܬܘܢ
Transliteration: wnhtwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 5

ܠܫܝܘܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܫܝܘܠ
Transliteration: lshywl
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 26

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

יְיָ לָא אֶבְהַת אֲרוּם קְרִיתָךְ יִבְהֲתוּן רַשִׁיעַי יִשְׁתְּקוּן וְיֵחַתוּן לְשֵׁיוֹל׃

10 word entries

יְיָ

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: יהוה
Transliteration: yy
Morphology: divine name substitute in Targumic Aramaic
Gloss: the Lord
Occurrences: 3908

לָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: לא
Transliteration: l'
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2611

אֶבְהַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אבהת
Transliteration: 'bht
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 20

אֲרוּם

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ארום
Transliteration: 'rwm
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 997

קְרִיתָךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קריתך
Transliteration: qrytk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 4

יִבְהֲתוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יבהתון
Transliteration: ybhtwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 50

רַשִׁיעַי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רשיעי
Transliteration: rshy'y
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 98

יִשְׁתְּקוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ישתקון
Transliteration: yshtqwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 5

וְיֵחַתוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יחתון
Transliteration: wychtwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 9

לְשֵׁיוֹל׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שיול
Transliteration: lshywl
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 24

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Shown from source reference 30:18 because this tradition numbers the passage differently.

Domine, non confundar, quoniam invocavi te. Erubescant impii, et deducantur in infernum;

12 word entries

Domine

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: dominus
Transliteration: Domine
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 8181

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ne
Transliteration: ne
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 1109

confundar

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: confundo
Transliteration: confundar
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 169

quoniam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quoniam
Transliteration: quoniam
Morphology: GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 1134

invocavi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: inuoco
Transliteration: invocavi
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 152

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tu
Transliteration: te
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4602

erubescant

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: erubesco
Transliteration: erubescant
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 48

impii

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: impius
Transliteration: impii
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 267

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

deducantur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: deduco
Transliteration: deducantur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 101

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

infernum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: infernus
Transliteration: infernum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 60

Spirit Nation Greek LXX Alignment Note English · Greek Septuagint Structure · Spirit Nation Editorial Note

Source

Coverage: Source-structure exceptions

Explains reader references where the imported tradition does not align one-to-one.

Editorial alignment note: The Greek Septuagint tradition often follows different ordering, grouping, or book structure here. Reader-side public-domain text for this reference: "Let the lying lips be put to silence; which speak grievous things proudly and contemptuously against the righteous." This panel is a study bridge only, not a replacement for an ancient source witness.

Source verse imported. Word-by-word lemma, morphology, gloss, and lexicon entries have not been attached for this language/source yet.

Spirit Nation Latin Vulgate Alignment Note English · Latin Vulgate Structure · Spirit Nation Editorial Note

Source

Coverage: Source-structure exceptions

Explains reader references where the imported tradition does not align one-to-one.

Editorial alignment note: The Clementine Vulgate source does not expose this exact reader reference as a one-to-one source row. Reader-side public-domain text for this reference: "Let the lying lips be put to silence; which speak grievous things proudly and contemptuously against the righteous." This panel is a study bridge only, not a replacement for an ancient source witness.

Source verse imported. Word-by-word lemma, morphology, gloss, and lexicon entries have not been attached for this language/source yet.

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Jude 1:15

to execute judgment on all, and to convict all the ungodly of all their works of ungodliness which they have done in an ungodly way, and of all the hard things which ungodly sinners have spoken against him.”

7 relevance votes

Psalms 94:4

They pour out arrogant words. All the evildoers boast.

7 relevance votes

1 Samuel 2:3

“Don’t keep talking so exceedingly proudly. Don’t let arrogance come out of your mouth, for Yahweh is a God of knowledge. By him actions are weighed.

6 relevance votes

Isaiah 54:17

No weapon that is formed against you will prevail; and you will condemn every tongue that rises against you in judgment. This is the heritage of Yahweh’s servants, and their righteousness is of me,” says Yahweh.

6 relevance votes

Acts 25:7

When he had come, the Jews who had come down from Jerusalem stood around him, bringing against him many and grievous charges which they could not prove,

5 relevance votes

John 8:44

You are of your father the devil, and you want to do the desires of your father. He was a murderer from the beginning, and doesn’t stand in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaks a lie, he speaks on his own; for he is a liar, and the father of lies.

5 relevance votes

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Psalms 31

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Jude 1:15

Psalms 94:4

1 Samuel 2:3

Isaiah 54:17

Acts 25:7

John 8:44

John 8:48

Matthew 12:24

Revelation 22:15

Revelation 21:8

Psalms 63:11

Psalms 12:3