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World English Bible

Job 4

World English Bible, Verse 19

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¹⁹ How much more those who dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the dust, who are crushed before the moth!

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Job 4:19. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 65

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

אַ֤ף ׀ שֹׁכְנֵ֬י בָֽתֵּי־חֹ֗מֶר אֲשֶׁר־בֶּעָפָ֥ר יְסוֹדָ֑ם יְ֝דַכְּא֗וּם לִפְנֵי־עָֽשׁ׃

10 word entries

אַ֤ף

Lemma: 637
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H637
Occurrences: 105

שֹׁכְנֵ֬י

Lemma: 7931
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7931
Occurrences: 74

בָֽתֵּי

Lemma: 1004 b
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H1004
Occurrences: 1121

חֹ֗מֶר

Lemma: 2563 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2563
Occurrences: 3

אֲשֶׁר

Lemma: 834 a
Morphology: Hebrew: particle relative
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H834
Occurrences: 4808

בֶּעָפָ֥ר

Lemma: b/6083
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H6083
Occurrences: 7

יְסוֹדָ֑ם

Lemma: 3247
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3247
Occurrences: 16

יְ֝דַכְּא֗וּם

Lemma: 1792
Morphology: Hebrew: verb piel imperfect 3rd person masculine plural + suffix
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H1792
Occurrences: 12

לִפְנֵי

Lemma: l/6440
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common both gender plural construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H6440
Occurrences: 1012

עָֽשׁ

Lemma: 6211 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6211
Occurrences: 4

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Τοὺς δὲ κατοικοῦντας οἰκίας πηλίνας, ἐξ ὧν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ πηλοῦ ἐσμεν, ἔπαισεν αὐτοὺς σητὸς τρόπον,

18 word entries

Τοὺς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

κατοικοῦντας

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κατοικέω
Transliteration: katoikountas
Morphology: present active participle, accusative masculine plural
Gloss: dwelling, inhabiting
Part of Speech: verb/participle
Definition: To dwell, inhabit, or live in.
Occurrences: 217

οἰκίας

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οἰκία
Transliteration: oikias
Morphology: noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural
Gloss: of a house, houses
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: House, dwelling, or household.
Occurrences: 171

πηλίνας

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: πηλίνας
Transliteration: pelinas
Morphology: accusative plural feminine or genitive singular feminine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ἐξ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐκ
Transliteration: ek
Morphology: preposition with genitive
Gloss: from, out of
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the genitive; form before a vowel.
Occurrences: 3500

ὧν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅς
Transliteration: hon
Morphology: relative pronoun, genitive plural
Gloss: of whom, of which
Part of Speech: relative pronoun
Definition: Relative pronoun who, which, that.
Occurrences: 4123

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

αὐτοὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ἐκ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐκ
Transliteration: ek
Morphology: preposition with genitive
Gloss: from, out of
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the genitive; form before a vowel.
Occurrences: 3500

τοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

πηλοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πηλοῦ
Transliteration: peloy
Morphology: genitive singular masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 7

ἐσμεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐσμεν
Transliteration: esmen
Morphology: verb, aorist/imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 16

ἔπαισεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἔπαισεν
Transliteration: epaisen
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 7

αὐτοὺς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

σητὸς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: σητὸς
Transliteration: setos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

τρόπον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: τρόπος
Transliteration: tropon
Morphology: noun, masculine accusative singular
Gloss: way, manner
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Way, manner, or mode.
Occurrences: 212

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܐܦ ܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܫܪܝܢ ܒܒ̈ܬܐ ܕܛܝܢܐ ܕܒܥܦܪܐ ܡܫܟܠܠܝܢ ܢܬܡܟܟܘܢ ܩܕܡ ܥܪܦܠܐ

10 word entries

ܐܦ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܦ
Transliteration: 'p
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 586

ܐܝܠܝܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܝܠܝܢ
Transliteration: 'ylyn
Morphology: possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
Occurrences: 346

ܕܫܪܝܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܫܪܝܢ
Transliteration: dshryn
Morphology: possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 15

ܒܒ̈ܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܒܬܐ
Transliteration: bbt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 10

ܕܛܝܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܛܝܢܐ
Transliteration: dtyn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 3

ܕܒܥܦܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܒܥܦܪܐ
Transliteration: db'pr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 1

ܡܫܟܠܠܝܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܫܟܠܠܝܢ
Transliteration: mshkllyn
Morphology: possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
Occurrences: 1

ܢܬܡܟܟܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܬܡܟܟܘܢ
Transliteration: ntmkkwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
Occurrences: 9

ܩܕܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܩܕܡ
Transliteration: qdm
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 1019

ܥܪܦܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܪܦܠܐ
Transliteration: 'rpl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 4

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

כָּל דְכֵין רַשִׁיעַיָא דְשָׁרְיָן בִּקְבוּרַת טִנָא דִי בְּעַפְרָא שִׁיתְאֲסֵיהוֹן יְדַכְּכִנוּן קֳדָם זַחֲלָא׃

12 word entries

כָּל

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: כל
Transliteration: kl
Morphology: collective noun/adjective
Gloss: all, every
Occurrences: 2135

דְכֵין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: כין
Transliteration: dkyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 33

רַשִׁיעַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רשיעיא
Transliteration: rshy'y'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 166

דְשָׁרְיָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שרין
Transliteration: dshryn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 74

בִּקְבוּרַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קבורת
Transliteration: bqbwrt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

טִנָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: טנא
Transliteration: tn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 6

דִי

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: די
Transliteration: dy
Morphology: relative/genitive particle
Gloss: of, that, which
Occurrences: 1711

בְּעַפְרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עפרא
Transliteration: b'pr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 74

שִׁיתְאֲסֵיהוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שיתאסיהון
Transliteration: shyt'syhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

יְדַכְּכִנוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ידככנון
Transliteration: ydkknwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

קֳדָם

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: קדם
Transliteration: qdm
Morphology: prepositional or nominal form
Gloss: before, in front of, east
Occurrences: 2023

זַחֲלָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: זחלא
Transliteration: zchl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 11

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

quanto magis hi qui habitant domos luteas, qui terrenum habent fundamentum, consumentur velut a tinea?

15 word entries

quanto

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quanto
Transliteration: quanto
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 46

magis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: magis
Transliteration: magis
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 190

hii

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: hic
Transliteration: hii
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4646

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

habitant

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: habito
Transliteration: habitant
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 650

domos

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: domus
Transliteration: domos
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1989

luteas

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: luteus
Transliteration: luteas
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 3

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

terrenum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: terrenus
Transliteration: terrenum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 10

habent

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: habeo
Transliteration: habent
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 1641

fundamentum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: fundamentum
Transliteration: fundamentum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 65

consumentur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: consumo
Transliteration: consumentur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 145

velut

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uelut
Transliteration: velut
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 59

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ab
Transliteration: a
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 3693

tinea

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tinea
Transliteration: tinea
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 12

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Job 4

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

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