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World English Bible

Job 31

World English Bible, Verse 23

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²³ For calamity from God is a terror to me. Because of his majesty, I can do nothing.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Job 31:23. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 55

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

כִּ֤י פַ֣חַד אֵ֭לַי אֵ֣יד אֵ֑ל וּ֝מִשְּׂאֵת֗וֹ לֹ֣א אוּכָֽל׃

8 word entries

כִּ֤י

Lemma: 3588 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3588
Occurrences: 4218

פַ֣חַד

Lemma: 6343
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6343
Occurrences: 32

אֵ֭לַי

Lemma: 413
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H413
Occurrences: 5170

אֵ֣יד

Lemma: 343
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H343
Occurrences: 20

אֵ֑ל

Lemma: 410
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H410
Occurrences: 180

וּ֝מִשְּׂאֵת֗וֹ

Lemma: c/m/7613
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + preposition + noun common feminine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H7613
Occurrences: 1

לֹ֣א

Lemma: 3808
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H3808
Occurrences: 3277

אוּכָֽל

Lemma: 3201
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 1rd person common gender singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H3201
Occurrences: 183

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Φόβος γὰρ Κυρίου συνέσχε με, ἀπὸ τοῦ λήμματος αὐτοῦ οὐχ ὑποίσω.

11 word entries

Φόβος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: φόβος
Transliteration: phobos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: fear, reverence
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Fear, awe, or reverence.
Occurrences: 75

γὰρ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: γάρ
Transliteration: gar
Morphology: postpositive explanatory conjunction
Gloss: for, because
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Explanatory or causal conjunction.
Occurrences: 1390

Κυρίου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κύριος
Transliteration: kyrios
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: Lord, master
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Lord, master, owner, or title for God.
Occurrences: 7934

συνέσχε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: συνέσχε
Transliteration: synesche
Morphology: vocative singular, imperative, or 3rd singular verb ending depending on context
Gloss: form requires context
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

με

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐγώ
Transliteration: ego
Morphology: pronoun, nominative first-person singular
Gloss: I
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: First-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 11445

ἀπὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀπό
Transliteration: apo
Morphology: preposition with genitive
Gloss: from, away from
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of ἀπό.
Occurrences: 3869

τοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

λήμματος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: λήμματος
Transliteration: lemmatos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

οὐχ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὐ
Transliteration: ou
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle before rough breathing.
Occurrences: 5892

ὑποίσω

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ὑποίσω
Transliteration: ypoiso
Morphology: future active indicative, 1st singular pattern
Gloss: I will ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܡܛܠ ܕܕܚܠܬܗ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܐܙܝܥܬܢܝ ܘܬܒܪܗ ܐܬܐ ܥܠܝ ܘܡܢ ܙܘܥܬܐ ܠܐ ܐܫܟܚܬ ܠܡܩܡ

12 word entries

ܡܛܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܛܠ
Transliteration: mtl
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2606

ܕܕܚܠܬܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܕܚܠܬܗ
Transliteration: ddhlth
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 2

ܕܐܠܗܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܐܠܗܐ
Transliteration: d'lh'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 374

ܐܙܝܥܬܢܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܙܝܥܬܢܝ
Transliteration: 'zy'tny
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3

ܘܬܒܪܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܬܒܪܗ
Transliteration: wtbrh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 5

ܐܬܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܐܬܐ
Transliteration: etha
Morphology: verb root/form
Gloss: came
Occurrences: 214

ܥܠܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠܝ
Transliteration: 'ly
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 218

ܘܡܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܡܢ
Transliteration: wmn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 827

ܙܘܥܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܙܘܥܬܐ
Transliteration: zw't'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 10

ܠܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܠܐ
Transliteration: la
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2566

ܐܫܟܚܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܫܟܚܬ
Transliteration: 'shkht
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 42

ܠܡܩܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܡܩܡ
Transliteration: lmqm
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 36

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

אֲרוּם דְלִיחַ לְוָתִי תְּבַר אֱלָהָא וּמִן מִסְפְּיֵיהּ לָא אֱסוֹבַר׃

9 word entries

אֲרוּם

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ארום
Transliteration: 'rwm
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 997

דְלִיחַ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ליח
Transliteration: dlych
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

לְוָתִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ותי
Transliteration: lwty
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 94

תְּבַר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תבר
Transliteration: tbr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 70

אֱלָהָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: אלה
Transliteration: 'lh'
Morphology: noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss: God
Occurrences: 779

וּמִן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ומן
Transliteration: wmn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 310

מִסְפְּיֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ספייה
Transliteration: mspyyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

לָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: לא
Transliteration: l'
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2611

אֱסוֹבַר׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אסובר
Transliteration: 'swbr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 5

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Semper enim quasi tumentes super me fluctus timui Deum, et pondus ejus ferre non potui.

15 word entries

semper

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: semper
Transliteration: semper
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 180

enim

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: enim
Transliteration: enim
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 2392

quasi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quasi
Transliteration: quasi
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 989

tumentes

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tumeo
Transliteration: tumentes
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 9

super

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: super
Transliteration: super
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 3146

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ego
Transliteration: me
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 6108

fluctus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: fluctus
Transliteration: fluctus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 34

timui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: timeo
Transliteration: timui
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 477

Deum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: deus
Transliteration: Deum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Gloss: God
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: God, deity
Etymology: Latin noun for God or a god.
Occurrences: 4889

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

pondus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pondus
Transliteration: pondus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 77

eius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eius
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

ferre

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: fero
Transliteration: ferre
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 392

non

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: non
Transliteration: non
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 7320

potui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: possum
Transliteration: potui
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 881

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Job 31

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

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Psalms 119:120

2 Corinthians 5:11

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Isaiah 13:6

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Genesis 39:9

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Job 40:9