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American Standard Version

Proverbs 12

American Standard Version, Verse 9

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⁹ Better is he that is lightly esteemed, and hath a servant, Than he that honoreth himself, and lacketh bread.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 12:9. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 53

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

ט֣וֹב נִ֭קְלֶה וְעֶ֣בֶד ל֑וֹ מִ֝מְּתַכַּבֵּ֗ד וַחֲסַר־לָֽחֶם׃

7 word entries

ט֣וֹב

Lemma: 2896 a
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H2896
Occurrences: 278

נִ֭קְלֶה

Lemma: 7034
Morphology: Hebrew: verb niphal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7034
Occurrences: 2

וְעֶ֣בֶד

Lemma: c/5650
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H5650
Occurrences: 60

ל֑וֹ

Lemma: l
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Occurrences: 4413

מִ֝מְּתַכַּבֵּ֗ד

Lemma: m/3513
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + verb hithpael participle active
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H3513
Occurrences: 1

וַחֲסַר

Lemma: c/2638
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + adjective
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H2638
Occurrences: 3

לָֽחֶם

Lemma: 3899
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common both gender singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3899
Occurrences: 232

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Κρείσσων ἀνὴρ ἐν ἀτιμίᾳ δουλεύων ἑαυτῷ, ἢ τιμὴν ἑαυτῷ περιτιθεὶς καὶ προσδεόμενος ἄρτου.

13 word entries

Κρείσσων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: κρείσσων
Transliteration: kreisson
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 29

ἀνὴρ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀνήρ
Transliteration: aner
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: man, husband
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Man, male, husband.
Occurrences: 1573

ἐν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐν
Transliteration: en
Morphology: preposition with dative
Gloss: in, among, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's: G1722
Occurrences: 13086

ἀτιμίᾳ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἀτιμίᾳ
Transliteration: atimia
Morphology: dative singular feminine pattern
Gloss: to/for ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

δουλεύων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: δουλεύων
Transliteration: doyleyon
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

ἑαυτῷ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἑαυτοῦ
Transliteration: heautou
Morphology: reflexive pronoun, genitive masculine/neuter singular
Gloss: of himself, his own
Part of Speech: reflexive pronoun
Definition: Reflexive pronoun himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Occurrences: 462

ἢ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἤ
Transliteration: e
Morphology: disjunctive/comparative particle
Gloss: or, than
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Disjunctive or comparative particle.
Occurrences: 931

τιμὴν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: τιμὴν
Transliteration: timen
Morphology: accusative singular feminine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 28

ἑαυτῷ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἑαυτοῦ
Transliteration: heautou
Morphology: reflexive pronoun, genitive masculine/neuter singular
Gloss: of himself, his own
Part of Speech: reflexive pronoun
Definition: Reflexive pronoun himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Occurrences: 462

περιτιθεὶς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: περιτιθεὶς
Transliteration: perititheis
Morphology: Greek -εις form; likely verb 2nd singular or plural noun/adjective depending on context
Gloss: form requires context
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

προσδεόμενος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: προσδεόμενος
Transliteration: prosdeomenos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

ἄρτου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἄρτου
Transliteration: artoy
Morphology: genitive singular masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 25

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܛܒ ܗܘ ܓܒܪܐ ܡܣܟܢܐ ܕܡܫܡܫ ܢܦܫܗ ܡܢ ܗ̇ܘ ܕܡܫܬܒܗܪ ܘܨܪܝܟ ܠܠܚܡܐ

11 word entries

ܛܒ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܛܒ
Transliteration: tb
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 279

ܗܘ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܗܘ
Transliteration: hu
Morphology: pronoun/copula, masculine singular
Gloss: he, it, is
Occurrences: 2003

ܓܒܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܓܒܪܐ
Transliteration: gbr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 622

ܡܣܟܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܣܟܢܐ
Transliteration: mskn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 52

ܕܡܫܡܫ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܡܫܡܫ
Transliteration: dmshmsh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 1

ܢܦܫܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܦܫܗ
Transliteration: npshh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 112

ܡܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܢ
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5552

ܗ̇ܘ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܗܘ
Transliteration: hu
Morphology: pronoun/copula, masculine singular
Gloss: he, it, is
Occurrences: 2003

ܕܡܫܬܒܗܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܡܫܬܒܗܪ
Transliteration: dmshtbhr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 3

ܘܨܪܝܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܨܪܝܟ
Transliteration: wsryk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܠܠܚܡܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܠܚܡܐ
Transliteration: llhm'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 8

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

טָב הוּא זְלִילָא וְעַבְדֵי אִית לֵיהּ מִן הוּא דְמִתְיַקַר וַחֲסִיר לַחְמָא׃

11 word entries

טָב

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: טב
Transliteration: tb
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 212

הוּא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: הוא
Transliteration: hw'
Morphology: personal/demonstrative pronoun
Gloss: he, it
Occurrences: 992

זְלִילָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: זלילא
Transliteration: zlyl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 2

וְעַבְדֵי

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: עבד
Transliteration: w'bdy
Morphology: verbal or nominal root עבד
Gloss: made, did, served
Occurrences: 1208

אִית

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אית
Transliteration: 'yt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 181

לֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ליה
Transliteration: lyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1154

מִן

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מן
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, out of, than
Occurrences: 2836

הוּא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: הוא
Transliteration: hw'
Morphology: personal/demonstrative pronoun
Gloss: he, it
Occurrences: 992

דְמִתְיַקַר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מתיקר
Transliteration: dmtyqr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

וַחֲסִיר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חסיר
Transliteration: wchsyr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 14

לַחְמָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חמא
Transliteration: lchm'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 106

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Melior est pauper et sufficiens sibi quam gloriosus et indigens pane.

11 word entries

melior

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: bonus
Transliteration: melior
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 847

est

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: est
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

pauper

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pauper
Transliteration: pauper
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 231

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

sufficiens

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sufficio
Transliteration: sufficiens
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 57

sibi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sui
Transliteration: sibi
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 1317

quam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quam
Transliteration: quam
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 426

gloriosus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: gloriosus
Transliteration: gloriosus
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 31

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

indigens

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: indigens
Transliteration: indigens
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 7

pane

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: panis
Transliteration: pane
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 393

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Luke 14:11

For every one that exalteth himself shall be humbled; and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted.

12 relevance votes

Proverbs 13:7

There is that maketh himself rich, yet hath nothing: There is that maketh himself poor, yet hath great wealth.

8 relevance votes

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