28 And, according as they did not approve of having God in knowledge, God gave them up to a disapproved mind, to do the things not seemly;
Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Romans 1:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
4
Word Entries
75
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Greek Textus Receptus
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament
Greek New Testament source layer with imported morphology.
Καὶ καθὼς οὐκ ἐδοκίμασαν τὸν Θεὸν ἔχειν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει, παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν, ποιεῖν τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα,
20 word entries
Καὶ
καθὼς
οὐκ
ἐδοκίμασαν
- Lemma
- edokimasan
- Transliteration
- edokimasan
- Morphology
- Greek: verb aorist active indicative plural
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Strong's
- G1381
- Occurrences
- 2
τὸν
Θεὸν
ἔχειν
ἐν
ἐπιγνώσει
παρέδωκεν
αὐτοὺς
ὁ
Θεὸς
εἰς
ἀδόκιμον
νοῦν
ποιεῖν
τὰ
μὴ
Tischendorf / Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament sample / proof panel
Proof-of-flow source panel, not full coverage.
καὶ καθὼς οὐκ ἐδοκίμασαν τὸν θεὸν ἔχειν ἐν ἐπιγνώσει, παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ θεὸς εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν, ποιεῖν τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα,
20 word entries
καὶ
τὸν
θεὸν
ἐν
παρέδωκεν
- Lemma
- παραδίδωμι
- Morphology
- V-AAI-3S
- Part of Speech
- V
- Strong's
- G3860
- Occurrences
- 119
ὁ
θεὸς
ποιεῖν
τὰ
Syriac Peshitta New Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: New Testament
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܘܐܝܟ ܕܠܐ ܕܢܘ ܒܢܦܫܗܘܢ ܕܢܕܥܘܢ ܠܐܠܗܐ ܐܫܠܡ ܐܢܘܢ ܐܠܗܐ ܠܡܕܥܐ ܕܣܪܝܩܘܬܐ ܕܢܗܘܘܢ ܥܒܕܝܢ ܡܕܡ ܕܠܐ ܘܠܐ
16 word entries
ܘܐܝܟ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܐܝܟ
- Transliteration
- w'yk
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 38
ܕܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܠܐ
- Transliteration
- dl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 720
ܕܢܘ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܢܘ
- Transliteration
- dnw
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 2
ܒܢܦܫܗܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܢܦܫܗܘܢ
- Transliteration
- bnpshhwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 18
ܕܢܕܥܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܢܕܥܘܢ
- Transliteration
- dnd'wn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 1
ܠܐܠܗܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܐܠܗܐ
- Transliteration
- l'lh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 182
ܐܫܠܡ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܫܠܡ
- Transliteration
- 'shlm
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 7
ܐܢܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܢܘܢ
- Transliteration
- 'nwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
- Occurrences
- 462
ܐܠܗܐ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܐܠܗܐ
- Transliteration
- alaha
- Morphology
- noun, masculine emphatic singular
- Gloss
- God
- Occurrences
- 497
ܠܡܕܥܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܡܕܥܐ
- Transliteration
- lmd''
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 1
ܕܣܪܝܩܘܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܣܪܝܩܘܬܐ
- Transliteration
- dsryqwt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 2
ܕܢܗܘܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܢܗܘܘܢ
- Transliteration
- dnhwwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 39
ܥܒܕܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܒܕܝܢ
- Transliteration
- 'bdyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 53
ܡܕܡ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܕܡ
- Transliteration
- mdm
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 403
ܕܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܠܐ
- Transliteration
- dl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 720
ܘܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܠܐ
- Transliteration
- wl'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 732
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Et sicut non probaverunt Deum habere in notitia, tradidit illos Deus in reprobum sensum, ut faciant ea quæ non conveniunt,
19 word entries
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
sicut
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sicut
- Transliteration
- sicut
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 1559
non
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- non
- Transliteration
- non
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 7320
probaverunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- probo
- Transliteration
- probaverunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 107
Deum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- deus
- Transliteration
- Deum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Gloss
- God
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- God, deity
- Etymology
- Latin noun for God or a god.
- Occurrences
- 4889
habere
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- habeo
- Transliteration
- habere
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 1641
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
notitia
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- notitia
- Transliteration
- notitia
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 3
tradidit
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- trado
- Transliteration
- tradidit
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 513
eos
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eos
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
Deus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- deus
- Transliteration
- Deus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Gloss
- God
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- God, deity
- Etymology
- Latin noun for God or a god.
- Occurrences
- 4889
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
reprobum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- reprobus
- Transliteration
- reprobum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 10
sensum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sensus
- Transliteration
- sensum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 72
ut
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ut
- Transliteration
- ut
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 4533
faciant
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- facio
- Transliteration
- faciant
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 4719
quae
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- qui
- Transliteration
- quae
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 15011
non
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- non
- Transliteration
- non
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 7320
conveniunt
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- conuenio
- Transliteration
- conveniunt
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 101
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Romans 1:21
because, having known God they did not glorify [Him] as God, nor gave thanks, but were made vain in their reasonings, and their unintelligent heart was darkened,
30 relevance votesTitus 1:16
God they profess to know, and in the works they deny [Him], being abominable, and disobedient, and unto every good work disapproved.
30 relevance votesJeremiah 9:6
thy dwelling [is] in the midst of deceit, Through deceit they refused to know Me, An affirmation of Jehovah.
19 relevance votesRomans 1:24
Wherefore also God did give them up, in the desires of their hearts, to uncleanness, to dishonour their bodies among themselves;
17 relevance votes2 Timothy 3:8
and, even as Jannes and Jambres stood against Moses, so also these do stand against the truth, men corrupted in mind, disapproved concerning the faith;
11 relevance votesJeremiah 6:30
'Silver rejected,' they have called to them, For Jehovah hath kicked against them!
9 relevance votesJeremiah 4:22
For my people [are] foolish, me they have not known, Foolish sons [are] they, yea, they [are] not intelligent, Wise [are] they to do evil, And to do good they have not known.
9 relevance votesProverbs 1:22
'Till when, ye simple, do ye love simplicity? And have scorners their scorning desired? And do fools hate knowledge?
8 relevance votesHosea 4:6
Cut off have been My people for lack of knowledge, Because thou knowledge hast rejected, I reject thee from being priest to Me, And thou forgettest the law of thy God, I forget thy sons, I also!
8 relevance votes1 Corinthians 15:34
awake up, as is right, and sin not; for certain have an ignorance of God; for shame to you I say [it].
8 relevance votesProverbs 1:7
Fear of Jehovah [is] a beginning of knowledge, Wisdom and instruction fools have despised!
8 relevance votesProverbs 1:29
Because that they have hated knowledge, And the fear of Jehovah have not chosen.
8 relevance votes