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Young's Literal Translation

Proverbs 24

Young's Literal Translation, Verse 31

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³¹ And lo, it hath gone up — all of it — thorns! Covered its face have nettles, And its stone wall hath been broken down.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 24:31. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 61

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וְהִנֵּ֨ה עָ֘לָ֤ה כֻלּ֨וֹ ׀ קִמְּשֹׂנִ֗ים כָּסּ֣וּ פָנָ֣יו חֲרֻלִּ֑ים וְגֶ֖דֶר אֲבָנָ֣יו נֶהֱרָֽסָה׃

10 word entries

וְהִנֵּ֨ה

Lemma: c/2009
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + particle
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H2009
Occurrences: 370

עָ֘לָ֤ה

Lemma: 5927
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5927
Occurrences: 451

כֻלּ֨וֹ

Lemma: 3605
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3605
Occurrences: 3268

קִמְּשֹׂנִ֗ים

Lemma: 7063
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H7063
Occurrences: 1

כָּסּ֣וּ

Lemma: 3680
Morphology: Hebrew: verb pual perfect 3rd person common gender plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H3680
Occurrences: 81

פָנָ֣יו

Lemma: 6440
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common both gender plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6440
Occurrences: 630

חֲרֻלִּ֑ים

Lemma: 2738
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2738
Occurrences: 3

וְגֶ֖דֶר

Lemma: c/1444
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H1444
Occurrences: 1

אֲבָנָ֣יו

Lemma: 68
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H68
Occurrences: 146

נֶהֱרָֽסָה

Lemma: 2040
Morphology: Hebrew: verb niphal perfect 3rd person feminine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H2040
Occurrences: 28

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ἐὰν ἀφῇς αὐτὸν, χερσωθήσεται καὶ χορτομανήσει ὅλος, καὶ γίνεται ἐκλελειμμένος, οἱ δὲ φραγμοὶ τῶν λίθων αὐτοῦ κατασκάπτονται.

17 word entries

Ἐὰν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐάν
Transliteration: ean
Morphology: conditional particle
Gloss: if, whenever
Part of Speech: conditional particle
Definition: Conditional particle, often with subjunctive.
Occurrences: 1253

ἀφῇς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἀφῇς
Transliteration: aphs
Morphology: genitive singular feminine or nominative masculine pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

αὐτὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

χερσωθήσεται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: χερσωθήσεται
Transliteration: chersothesetai
Morphology: verb, future middle indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it will ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

χορτομανήσει

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: χορτομανήσει
Transliteration: chortomanesei
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ὅλος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ὅλος
Transliteration: olos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 195

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

γίνεται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: γίνομαι
Transliteration: ginetai
Morphology: verb, present middle/passive deponent indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: becomes, happens
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To become, happen, come to be, or be made.
Occurrences: 1418

ἐκλελειμμένος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐκλελειμμένος
Transliteration: ekleleimmenos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

οἱ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

φραγμοὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: φραγμοὶ
Transliteration: phragmoi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

τῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

λίθων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: λίθων
Transliteration: lithon
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 38

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

κατασκάπτονται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: κατασκάπτονται
Transliteration: kataskaptontai
Morphology: verb, present/future middle-passive form, 3rd plural
Gloss: they ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܣܠܩ ܟܠܗ ܐܬܡܠܝ ܝܥܪܐ ܘܟܣܝܘ ܐ̈ܦܘܗܝ ܚ̈ܘܠܕܐ ܘܣ̈ܝܓܘܗܝ ܕܟܐ̈ܦܐ ܐܣܬܚܦܘ

10 word entries

ܘܣܠܩ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܣܠܩ
Transliteration: wslq
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 58

ܟܠܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܟܠܗ
Transliteration: klh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 558

ܐܬܡܠܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܬܡܠܝ
Transliteration: 'tmly
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 24

ܝܥܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܝܥܪܐ
Transliteration: y'r'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 5

ܘܟܣܝܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܟܣܝܘ
Transliteration: wksyw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 5

ܐ̈ܦܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܦܘܗܝ
Transliteration: 'pwhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 82

ܚ̈ܘܠܕܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܘܠܕܐ
Transliteration: hwld'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 1

ܘܣ̈ܝܓܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܣܝܓܘܗܝ
Transliteration: wsygwhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܕܟܐ̈ܦܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܟܐܦܐ
Transliteration: dk'p'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 24

ܐܣܬܚܦܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܣܬܚܦܘ
Transliteration: 'sthpw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וְהָא סְלֵיק כֻּלֵיהּ יַעֲרֵי וְכַסִיוּ אַפּוֹי חוּרְלֵי וְסַיְגָא דְכֵיפוֹי אִתְעֲקַר׃

10 word entries

וְהָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: והא
Transliteration: wh'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 254

סְלֵיק

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סליק
Transliteration: slyq
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 163

כֻּלֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ליה
Transliteration: klyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1154

יַעֲרֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יערי
Transliteration: y'ry
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

וְכַסִיוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: כסיו
Transliteration: wksyw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

אַפּוֹי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אפוי
Transliteration: 'pwy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 21

חוּרְלֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חורלי
Transliteration: chwrly
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

וְסַיְגָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סיגא
Transliteration: wsyg'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1

דְכֵיפוֹי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: כיפוי
Transliteration: dkypwy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

אִתְעֲקַר׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אתעקר
Transliteration: 't'qr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

et ecce totum repleverant urticæ, et operuerant superficiem ejus spinæ, et maceria lapidum destructa erat.

14 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

ecce

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ecce
Transliteration: ecce
Morphology: GreLa POS: other
Occurrences: 1031

totum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: totus
Transliteration: totum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 276

repleverant

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: repleo
Transliteration: repleverant
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 142

urticae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: urtica
Transliteration: urticae
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 4

operuerant

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: operio
Transliteration: operuerant
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 191

superficiem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: superficies
Transliteration: superficiem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 7

eius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eius
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

spinae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: spina
Transliteration: spinae
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 48

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

maceria

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: maceria
Transliteration: maceria
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 10

lapidum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: lapis
Transliteration: lapidum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 330

destructa

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: destruo
Transliteration: destructa
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 117

erat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: erat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Proverbs 24

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Isaiah 5:5

Ecclesiastes 10:18

Proverbs 22:13

Matthew 13:22

Jeremiah 4:3

Proverbs 19:23

Hebrews 6:8

Matthew 13:7

Proverbs 20:4

Job 31:40

Proverbs 23:21