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Young's Literal Translation

Genesis 32

Young's Literal Translation, Verse 4

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⁴ and commandeth them, saying, 'Thus do ye say to my lord, to Esau: Thus said thy servant Jacob, With Laban I have sojourned, and I tarry until now;

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Genesis 32:4. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 74

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וַיִּשְׁלַ֨ח יַעֲקֹ֤ב מַלְאָכִים֙ לְפָנָ֔יו אֶל־עֵשָׂ֖ו אָחִ֑יו אַ֥רְצָה שֵׂעִ֖יר שְׂדֵ֥ה אֱדֽוֹם׃

11 word entries

וַיִּשְׁלַ֨ח

Lemma: c/7971
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H7971
Occurrences: 387

יַעֲקֹ֤ב

Lemma: 3290
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3290
Occurrences: 274

מַלְאָכִים֙

Lemma: 4397
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H4397
Occurrences: 136

לְפָנָ֔יו

Lemma: l/6440
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common both gender plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H6440
Occurrences: 1012

אֶל

Lemma: 413
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H413
Occurrences: 5170

עֵשָׂ֖ו

Lemma: 6215
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6215
Occurrences: 86

אָחִ֑יו

Lemma: 251
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H251
Occurrences: 455

אַ֥רְצָה

Lemma: 776
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common both gender singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H776
Occurrences: 692

שֵׂעִ֖יר

Lemma: 8165 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H8165
Occurrences: 26

שְׂדֵ֥ה

Lemma: 7704 b
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H7704
Occurrences: 74

אֱדֽוֹם

Lemma: 123
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H123
Occurrences: 81

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ἀπέστειλε δὲ Ἰακὼβ ἀγγέλους ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς Ἡσαῦ τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ εἰς γῆν Σηεὶρ, εἰς χώραν Ἐδώμ.

17 word entries

Ἀπέστειλε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀποστέλλω
Transliteration: apesteile
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it sent
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To send, send away, or commission.
Occurrences: 328

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

Ἰακὼβ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: Ἰακώβ
Transliteration: Iakob
Morphology: proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss: Jacob
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Jacob.
Occurrences: 392

ἀγγέλους

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἄγγελος
Transliteration: angelos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: messenger, angel
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Messenger, envoy, or angel.
Occurrences: 160

ἔμπροσθεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἔμπροσθεν
Transliteration: emprosthen
Morphology: adverb/preposition
Gloss: before, in front of
Part of Speech: adverb/preposition
Definition: Before, in front of, or in the presence of.
Occurrences: 128

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

πρὸς

Status: Machine-aligned lexicon entry
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Aligned to an existing lexicon entry but not manually reviewed for this LXX verse.
Note: Machine-aligned to an existing lexicon entry. Verify against the source before treating as hand-curated.
Lemma: πρὸς
Transliteration: pros
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: with/toward
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: with/toward
Strong's: G4314
Occurrences: 3989

Ἡσαῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: Ἡσαῦ
Transliteration: Esau
Morphology: proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss: Esau
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Esau.
Occurrences: 101

τὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἀδελφὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀδελφός
Transliteration: adelphos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: brother
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Brother, kinsman, or member of a people.
Occurrences: 739

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

εἰς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰς
Transliteration: eis
Morphology: preposition with accusative
Gloss: into, to, for
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
Occurrences: 6787

γῆν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: γῆ
Transliteration: gen
Morphology: noun, feminine accusative singular
Gloss: earth, land
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Earth, ground, or land.
Strong's: G1093
Occurrences: 2962

Σηεὶρ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: Σηεὶρ
Transliteration: seeir
Morphology: proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss: Σηεὶρ
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 25

εἰς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰς
Transliteration: eis
Morphology: preposition with accusative
Gloss: into, to, for
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
Occurrences: 6787

χώραν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: χώρα
Transliteration: choran
Morphology: noun, feminine accusative singular
Gloss: land, region
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Land, region, country, or field.
Occurrences: 127

Ἐδώμ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: Ἐδώμ
Transliteration: edom
Morphology: proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss: Ἐδώμ
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 20

Targum Onkelos Torah Aramaic · Targum Onkelos · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Torah

Ancient Aramaic Torah translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as the Hebrew original text.

וּשְׁלַח יַעֲקֹב אִזְגַּדִּין קֳדָמוֹהִי לְוַת עֵשָׂו אֲחוּהִי לְאַרְעָא דְשֵׂעִיר לַחֲקַל דְאֱדוֹם

11 word entries

וּשְׁלַח

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שלח
Transliteration: wshlch
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 69

יַעֲקֹב

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יעקב
Transliteration: y'qb
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 199

אִזְגַּדִּין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אזגדין
Transliteration: 'zgdyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 5

קֳדָמוֹהִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קדמוהי
Transliteration: qdmwhy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 64

לְוַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: לות
Transliteration: lwt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 159

עֵשָׂו

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עשו
Transliteration: 'shw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 82

אֲחוּהִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אחוהי
Transliteration: 'chwhy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 127

לְאַרְעָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: ארע
Transliteration: l'r''
Morphology: prefixed preposition ל + noun feminine singular emphatic
Gloss: to/for earth, land
Occurrences: 840

דְשֵׂעִיר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שעיר
Transliteration: dsh'yr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 19

לַחֲקַל

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חקל
Transliteration: lchql
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 20

דְאֱדוֹם

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אדום
Transliteration: d'dwm
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 18

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܫܕܪ ܝܥܩܘܒ ܐܝܙ̈ܓܕܐ ܩܕܡܘܗܝ ܠܘܬ ܥܣܘ ܐܚܘܗܝ. ܠܐܪܥܐ ܕܣܥܝܪ ܠܚܩܠܐ ܕܐܕܘܡ.

11 word entries

ܘܫܕܪ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: WCDR
Morphology: W-CDR[:d
Occurrences: 0

ܝܥܩܘܒ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: J<QWB
Morphology: J<QWB/
Occurrences: 0

ܐܝܙ̈ܓܕܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: >JZ"GD>
Morphology: >JZGD/(J~>
Occurrences: 0

ܩܕܡܘܗܝ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: QDMWHJ
Morphology: QDM/(J&W-HJ
Occurrences: 0

ܠܘܬ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: LWT
Morphology: LWT
Occurrences: 0

ܥܣܘ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: <SW
Morphology: <SW/
Occurrences: 0

ܐܚܘܗܝ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: >XWHJ
Morphology: >X&W/-HJ
Occurrences: 0

ܠܐܪܥܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: L>R<>
Morphology: L->R</~>
Occurrences: 0

ܕܣܥܝܪ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: DS<JR
Morphology: D-S<JR/
Occurrences: 0

ܠܚܩܠܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: LXQL>
Morphology: L-XQL/~>
Occurrences: 0

ܕܐܕܘܡ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: D>DWM
Morphology: D->DWM/
Occurrences: 0

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

præcepitque eis, dicens: Sic loquimini domino meo Esau: Hæc dicit frater tuus Jacob: Apud Laban peregrinatus sum, et fui usque in præsentem diem.

24 word entries

praecepitque

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: praecipio
Transliteration: praecepitque
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 538

{praecepitque}

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: que
Transliteration: {praecepitque}
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 4392

eis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eis
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

dicens

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: dico
Transliteration: dicens
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 6477

sic

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sic
Transliteration: sic
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 584

loquimini

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: loquor
Transliteration: loquimini
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 1543

domino

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: dominus
Transliteration: domino
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 8181

meo

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: meus
Transliteration: meo
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4586

Esau

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Esau
Transliteration: Esau
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 82

haec

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: hic
Transliteration: haec
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4646

dicit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: dico
Transliteration: dicit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 6477

frater

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: frater
Transliteration: frater
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1060

tuus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tuus
Transliteration: tuus
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5615

Iacob

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Iacob
Transliteration: Iacob
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 364

apud

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: apud
Transliteration: apud
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 300

Laban

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Laban
Transliteration: Laban
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 30

peregrinatus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: peregrinor
Transliteration: peregrinatus
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 33

sum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: sum
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

fui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: fui
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

usque

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: usque
Transliteration: usque
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 1221

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

praesentem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: praesens
Transliteration: praesentem
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 96

diem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: dies
Transliteration: diem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 2559

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Genesis 32

Source Text Study

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