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Webster's Bible

Proverbs 28

Webster's Bible, Verse 15

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¹⁵ As a roaring lion, and a ranging bear; so is a wicked ruler over the poor people.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 28:15. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 50

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

אֲרִי־נֹ֭הֵם וְדֹ֣ב שׁוֹקֵ֑ק מֹשֵׁ֥ל רָ֝שָׁ֗ע עַ֣ל עַם־דָּֽל׃

9 word entries

אֲרִי

Lemma: 738 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H738
Occurrences: 19

נֹ֭הֵם

Lemma: 5098
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5098
Occurrences: 1

וְדֹ֣ב

Lemma: c/1677
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H1677
Occurrences: 2

שׁוֹקֵ֑ק

Lemma: 8264
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H8264
Occurrences: 6

מֹשֵׁ֥ל

Lemma: 4910
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H4910
Occurrences: 58

רָ֝שָׁ֗ע

Lemma: 7563
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H7563
Occurrences: 201

עַ֣ל

Lemma: 5921 a
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H5921
Occurrences: 4903

עַם

Lemma: 5971 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5971
Occurrences: 682

דָּֽל

Lemma: 1800
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H1800
Occurrences: 36

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Λέων πεινῶν καὶ λύκος διψῶν, ὃς τυραννεῖ, πτωχὸς ὢν, ἔθνους πενιχροῦ.

11 word entries

Λέων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: λέων
Transliteration: leon
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: lion
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Lion.
Occurrences: 49

πεινῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πεινῶν
Transliteration: peinon
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

λύκος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: λύκος
Transliteration: lykos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

διψῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: διψῶν
Transliteration: dipson
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

ὃς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅς
Transliteration: hos
Morphology: relative pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: who, which
Part of Speech: relative pronoun
Definition: Relative pronoun who, which, that.
Occurrences: 4123

τυραννεῖ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: τυραννεῖ
Transliteration: tyrannei
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

πτωχὸς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πτωχὸς
Transliteration: ptochos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 27

ὢν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰμί
Transliteration: on
Morphology: present active participle, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: being
Part of Speech: participle
Definition: To be or exist.
Occurrences: 5427

ἔθνους

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἔθνος
Transliteration: ethnos
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: nation, people
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Nation, people, Gentile group, or ethnic body.
Occurrences: 917

πενιχροῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: πενιχροῦ
Transliteration: penichroy
Morphology: genitive singular masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܐܪܝܐ ܢܗܡ ܘܕܒܐ ܝܗܒܬ ܩܠܐ ܕܐܫܬܠܛ ܥܘܠܐ ܥܠ ܥܡܐ ܡܣܟܢܐ

10 word entries

ܐܪܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܪܝܐ
Transliteration: 'ry'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 47

ܢܗܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܗܡ
Transliteration: nhm
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 6

ܘܕܒܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܕܒܐ
Transliteration: wdb'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 2

ܝܗܒܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܝܗܒܬ
Transliteration: yhbt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 68

ܩܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܩܠܐ
Transliteration: ql'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 134

ܕܐܫܬܠܛ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܐܫܬܠܛ
Transliteration: d'shtlt
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 2

ܥܘܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܘܠܐ
Transliteration: 'wl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 232

ܥܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠ
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3346

ܥܡܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܥܡܐ
Transliteration: amma
Morphology: noun, masculine emphatic singular
Gloss: people, nation
Occurrences: 688

ܡܣܟܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܣܟܢܐ
Transliteration: mskn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 52

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

אַרְיָא נָהֵם וְדוּבָא מַצְרִיחַ עַל רַשִׁיעָא דְמִשְׁתְּלִיט עַל עַמָא מִסְכְּנָא׃

10 word entries

אַרְיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אריא
Transliteration: 'ry'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 58

נָהֵם

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נהם
Transliteration: nhm
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 3

וְדוּבָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דובא
Transliteration: wdwb'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 3

מַצְרִיחַ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צריח
Transliteration: mtsrych
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 4

עַל

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: על
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, against, concerning
Occurrences: 3568

רַשִׁיעָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רשיעא
Transliteration: rshy''
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 147

דְמִשְׁתְּלִיט

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: משתליט
Transliteration: dmshtlyt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

עַל

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: על
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, against, concerning
Occurrences: 3568

עַמָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: עם
Transliteration: 'm'
Morphology: noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss: people
Occurrences: 1754

מִסְכְּנָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סכנא
Transliteration: mskn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 17

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Leo rugiens et ursus esuriens, princeps impius super populum pauperem.

10 word entries

leo

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: leo
Transliteration: leo
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 136

rugiens

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: rugio
Transliteration: rugiens
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 27

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

ursus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ursus
Transliteration: ursus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 13

esuriens

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: esurio
Transliteration: esuriens
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 59

princeps

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: princeps
Transliteration: princeps
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 830

impius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: impius
Transliteration: impius
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 267

super

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: super
Transliteration: super
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 3146

populum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: populus
Transliteration: populum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 2030

pauperem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pauper
Transliteration: pauperem
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 231

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

1 Peter 5:8

Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour:

7 relevance votes

Matthew 2:16

Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked by the wise men, was exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and slew all the children that were in Bethlehem, and in all its borders, from two years old and under, according to the time which he had diligently inquired of the wise men.

5 relevance votes

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Proverbs 28

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Ranked cross references

1 Peter 5:8

Matthew 2:16

Proverbs 19:12

Exodus 1:22

Proverbs 20:2

2 Kings 21:16

Hosea 5:11

Hosea 13:8

2 Kings 2:24

2 Kings 15:16

Proverbs 17:12