23 Gaius, my host and host of the whole assembly, greets you. Erastus, the treasurer of the city, greets you, as does Quartus, the brother.
Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Romans 16:23. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
4
Word Entries
71
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Greek Textus Receptus
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament
Greek New Testament source layer with imported morphology.
Ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Γάϊος ὁ ξένος μου καὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας ὅλης. Ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Ἔραστος ὁ οἰκονόμος τῆς πόλεως, καὶ Κούαρτος ὁ ἀδελφός.
21 word entries
Ἀσπάζεται
ὑμᾶς
Γάϊος
ὁ
ξένος
μου
καὶ
τῆς
ἐκκλησίας
ὅλης
Ἀσπάζεται
ὑμᾶς
Ἔραστος
ὁ
οἰκονόμος
τῆς
πόλεως
καὶ
Κούαρτος
ὁ
Tischendorf / Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament sample / proof panel
Proof-of-flow source panel, not full coverage.
ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Γάϊος ὁ ξένος μου καὶ ὅλης τῆς ἐκκλησίας. ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Ἔραστος ὁ οἰκονόμος τῆς πόλεως καὶ Κούαρτος ὁ ἀδελφός.
21 word entries
ὁ
καὶ
τῆς
ὁ
τῆς
καὶ
ὁ
Syriac Peshitta New Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: New Testament
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܫܐܠ ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ ܓܐܝܘܣ ܡܩܒܠܢܝ ܘܕܟܠܗ ܥܕܬܐ ܫܐܠ ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ ܐܪܣܛܘܣ ܪܒܝܬܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܘܩܘܐܪܛܘܣ ܐܚܐ
13 word entries
ܫܐܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܫܐܠ
- Transliteration
- sh'l
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 18
ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ
- Transliteration
- bshlmkwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 15
ܓܐܝܘܣ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܓܐܝܘܣ
- Transliteration
- g'yws
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 1
ܡܩܒܠܢܝ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܩܒܠܢܝ
- Transliteration
- mqblny
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 1
ܘܕܟܠܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܕܟܠܗ
- Transliteration
- wdklh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 2
ܥܕܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܕܬܐ
- Transliteration
- 'dt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 43
ܫܐܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܫܐܠ
- Transliteration
- sh'l
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 18
ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ
- Transliteration
- bshlmkwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 15
ܐܪܣܛܘܣ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܪܣܛܘܣ
- Transliteration
- 'rstws
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 2
ܪܒܝܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܪܒܝܬܐ
- Transliteration
- rbyt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 6
ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ
- Transliteration
- dmdynt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 20
ܘܩܘܐܪܛܘܣ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܩܘܐܪܛܘܣ
- Transliteration
- wqw'rtws
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1
ܐܚܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܚܐ
- Transliteration
- 'h'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 63
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Salutat vos Cajus hospes meus, et universa ecclesia. Salutat vos Erastus arcarius civitatis, et Quartus, frater.
16 word entries
salutat
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- saluto
- Transliteration
- salutat
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 76
vos
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uos
- Transliteration
- vos
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 2958
Gaius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Gaius
- Transliteration
- Gaius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 5
hospes
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- hospes
- Transliteration
- hospes
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 12
meus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- meus
- Transliteration
- meus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 4586
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
universae
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uniuersus
- Transliteration
- universae
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 889
ecclesiae
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ecclesia
- Transliteration
- ecclesiae
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 163
salutat
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- saluto
- Transliteration
- salutat
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 76
vos
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uos
- Transliteration
- vos
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 2958
Erastus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Erastus
- Transliteration
- Erastus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 3
arcarius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- arcarius
- Transliteration
- arcarius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 1
civitatis
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ciuitas
- Transliteration
- civitatis
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 1108
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
Quartus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- quartus
- Transliteration
- Quartus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 92
frater
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- frater
- Transliteration
- frater
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 1060
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
1 Corinthians 1:14
I thank God that I baptized none of you except Crispus and Gaius,
6 relevance votesActs 19:22
Having sent into Macedonia two of those who served him, Timothy and Erastus, he himself stayed in Asia for a while.
6 relevance votes2 Timothy 4:20
Erastus remained at Corinth, but I left Trophimus at Miletus sick.
3 relevance votesActs 20:4
These accompanied him as far as Asia: Sopater of Beroea, Aristarchus and Secundus of the Thessalonians, Gaius of Derbe, Timothy, and Tychicus and Trophimus of Asia.
2 relevance votesActs 19:29
The whole city was filled with confusion, and they rushed with one accord into the theater, having seized Gaius and Aristarchus, men of Macedonia, Paul’s companions in travel.
2 relevance votes