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World English Bible

Psalms 78

World English Bible, Verse 44

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⁴⁴ he turned their rivers into blood, and their streams, so that they could not drink.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Psalms 78:44. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 7

Word Entries 50

Editorial Notes 2

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וַיַּהֲפֹ֣ךְ לְ֭דָם יְאֹרֵיהֶ֑ם וְ֝נֹזְלֵיהֶ֗ם בַּל־יִשְׁתָּיֽוּן׃

6 word entries

וַיַּהֲפֹ֣ךְ

Lemma: c/2015
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H2015
Occurrences: 30

לְ֭דָם

Lemma: l/1818
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H1818
Occurrences: 14

יְאֹרֵיהֶ֑ם

Lemma: 2975
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2975
Occurrences: 22

וְ֝נֹזְלֵיהֶ֗ם

Lemma: c/5140
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal participle active + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H5140
Occurrences: 4

בַּל

Lemma: 1077
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H1077
Occurrences: 63

יִשְׁתָּיֽוּן

Lemma: 8354
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural + suffix
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H8354
Occurrences: 111

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Shown from source reference 77:44 because this tradition numbers the passage differently.

τέρατα αὐτοῦ ἐν πεδίῳ Τάνεως· Καὶ μετέστρεψεν εἰς αἷμα τοὺς ποταμοὺς αὐτῶν, καὶ τὰ ὀμβρήματα αὐτῶν ὅπως μὴ πίωσιν·

19 word entries

τέρατα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: τέρατα
Transliteration: terata
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 30

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ἐν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐν
Transliteration: en
Morphology: preposition with dative
Gloss: in, among, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's: G1722
Occurrences: 13086

πεδίῳ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πεδίον
Transliteration: pedion
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: plain, field
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Plain, field, or level place.
Occurrences: 98

Τάνεως

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: Τάνεως
Transliteration: taneos
Morphology: proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss: Τάνεως
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

Καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

μετέστρεψεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: μετέστρεψεν
Transliteration: metestrepsen
Morphology: verb, aorist/imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

εἰς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰς
Transliteration: eis
Morphology: preposition with accusative
Gloss: into, to, for
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
Occurrences: 6787

αἷμα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αἷμα
Transliteration: haima
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: blood
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Blood.
Occurrences: 282

τοὺς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ποταμοὺς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ποταμοὺς
Transliteration: potamoys
Morphology: accusative plural masculine or genitive singular neuter pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 16

αὐτῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

τὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ὀμβρήματα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ὀμβρήματα
Transliteration: ombremata
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

αὐτῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ὅπως

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅπως
Transliteration: hopos
Morphology: conjunction/adverb
Gloss: so that, how
Part of Speech: conjunction/adverb
Definition: Purpose or manner conjunction.
Occurrences: 232

μὴ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μή
Transliteration: me
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not, lest
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle commonly used with non-indicative moods.
Occurrences: 2979

πίωσιν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: πίωσιν
Transliteration: piosin
Morphology: dative plural noun pattern or 3rd plural verb ending depending on context
Gloss: to/for ... / they ...
Part of Speech: noun/verb form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܕܗܦܟ ܢܗܪ̈ܘܬܗܘܢ ܠܕܡܐ ܘܪ̈ܕܝܗܘܢ ܕܠܐ ܢܫܬܘܢ ܡ̈ܝܐ

7 word entries

ܕܗܦܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܗܦܟ
Transliteration: dhpk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 18

ܢܗܪ̈ܘܬܗܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܗܪܘܬܗܘܢ
Transliteration: nhrwthwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
Occurrences: 1

ܠܕܡܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܕܡܐ
Transliteration: ldm'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 8

ܘܪ̈ܕܝܗܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܪܕܝܗܘܢ
Transliteration: wrdyhwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܕܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܠܐ
Transliteration: dl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 1157

ܢܫܬܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܫܬܘܢ
Transliteration: nshtwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
Occurrences: 10

ܡ̈ܝܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܡܝܐ
Transliteration: maya
Morphology: noun, plural form
Gloss: waters
Occurrences: 206

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וַהֲפֵךְ לִדְמָא אֲרִיתֵיהוֹן וְנוֹזְלֵיוֹן לָא שָׁתָן מִנְהוֹן׃

7 word entries

וַהֲפֵךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הפך
Transliteration: whpk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 15

לִדְמָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דמא
Transliteration: ldm'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 43

אֲרִיתֵיהוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אריתיהון
Transliteration: 'rytyhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

וְנוֹזְלֵיוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נוזליון
Transliteration: wnwzlywn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

לָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: לא
Transliteration: l'
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2611

שָׁתָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שתן
Transliteration: shtn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 15

מִנְהוֹן׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נהון
Transliteration: mnhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 201

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Shown from source reference 77:44 because this tradition numbers the passage differently.

et convertit in sanguinem flumina eorum, et imbres eorum, ne biberent.

11 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

convertit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: conuerto
Transliteration: convertit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 343

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

sanguine

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sanguis
Transliteration: sanguine
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 475

flumina

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: flumen
Transliteration: flumina
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 138

eorum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eorum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

imbres

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: imber
Transliteration: imbres
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 33

eorum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eorum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ne
Transliteration: ne
Morphology: GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 1109

biberent

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: bibo
Transliteration: biberent
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 319

Spirit Nation Greek LXX Alignment Note English · Greek Septuagint Structure · Spirit Nation Editorial Note

Source

Coverage: Source-structure exceptions

Explains reader references where the imported tradition does not align one-to-one.

Editorial alignment note: The Greek Septuagint tradition often follows different ordering, grouping, or book structure here. Reader-side public-domain text for this reference: "And had turned their rivers into blood; and their floods, that they could not drink." This panel is a study bridge only, not a replacement for an ancient source witness.

Source verse imported. Word-by-word lemma, morphology, gloss, and lexicon entries have not been attached for this language/source yet.

Spirit Nation Latin Vulgate Alignment Note English · Latin Vulgate Structure · Spirit Nation Editorial Note

Source

Coverage: Source-structure exceptions

Explains reader references where the imported tradition does not align one-to-one.

Editorial alignment note: The Clementine Vulgate source does not expose this exact reader reference as a one-to-one source row. Reader-side public-domain text for this reference: "And had turned their rivers into blood; and their floods, that they could not drink." This panel is a study bridge only, not a replacement for an ancient source witness.

Source verse imported. Word-by-word lemma, morphology, gloss, and lexicon entries have not been attached for this language/source yet.

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Psalms 105:29

He turned their waters into blood, and killed their fish.

4 relevance votes

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