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World English Bible

Psalms 78

World English Bible, Verse 3

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³ which we have heard and known, and our fathers have told us.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Psalms 78:3. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 48

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

אֲשֶׁ֣ר שָׁ֭מַעְנוּ וַנֵּדָעֵ֑ם וַ֝אֲבוֹתֵ֗ינוּ סִפְּרוּ־לָֽנוּ׃

6 word entries

אֲשֶׁ֣ר

Lemma: 834 a
Morphology: Hebrew: particle relative
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H834
Occurrences: 4808

שָׁ֭מַעְנוּ

Lemma: 8085
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 1rd person common gender plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H8085
Occurrences: 784

וַנֵּדָעֵ֑ם

Lemma: c/3045
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 1rd person common gender plural + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3045
Occurrences: 244

וַ֝אֲבוֹתֵ֗ינוּ

Lemma: c/1
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H1
Occurrences: 40

סִפְּרוּ

Lemma: 5608 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb piel perfect 3rd person common gender plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5608
Occurrences: 62

לָֽנוּ

Lemma: l
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Occurrences: 4413

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ἐξέχεαν τὸ αἷμα αὐτῶν ὡς ὕδωρ, κύκλῳ Ἱερουσαλὴμ, καὶ οὐκ ἦν ὁ θάπτων.

13 word entries

Ἐξέχεαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: Ἐξέχεαν
Transliteration: exechean
Morphology: proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss: Ἐξέχεαν
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 11

τὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

αἷμα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αἷμα
Transliteration: haima
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: blood
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Blood.
Occurrences: 282

αὐτῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ὡς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὡς
Transliteration: hos
Morphology: comparative conjunction/adverb
Gloss: as, like, when
Part of Speech: conjunction/adverb
Definition: Comparative or temporal conjunction/adverb.
Occurrences: 1899

ὕδωρ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὕδωρ
Transliteration: hydor
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: water
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Water.
Occurrences: 629

κύκλῳ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κύκλος
Transliteration: kyklo
Morphology: dative singular used adverbially
Gloss: around, round about
Part of Speech: noun/adverb
Definition: Circle, circuit, or around.
Occurrences: 229

Ἱερουσαλὴμ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: Ἱερουσαλήμ
Transliteration: Hierousalem
Morphology: proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss: Jerusalem
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Jerusalem.
Occurrences: 763

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

οὐκ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὐ
Transliteration: ou
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle before rough breathing.
Occurrences: 5892

ἦν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰμί
Transliteration: en
Morphology: verb, imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it was
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To be or exist.
Strong's: G1510
Occurrences: 5427

ὁ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

θάπτων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: θάπτων
Transliteration: thapton
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܫܡܥܢ ܝܕܥܢ ܐܢܝܢ ܐܦ ܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܐܒ̈ܗܝܢ ܐܫܬܥܝܘ ܠܢ

9 word entries

ܐܝܠܝܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܝܠܝܢ
Transliteration: 'ylyn
Morphology: possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
Occurrences: 346

ܕܫܡܥܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܫܡܥܢ
Transliteration: dshm'n
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 8

ܝܕܥܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܝܕܥܢ
Transliteration: yd'n
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5

ܐܢܝܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܢܝܢ
Transliteration: 'nyn
Morphology: possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
Occurrences: 191

ܐܦ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܦ
Transliteration: 'p
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 586

ܐܝܠܝܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܝܠܝܢ
Transliteration: 'ylyn
Morphology: possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
Occurrences: 346

ܕܐܒ̈ܗܝܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܐܒܗܝܢ
Transliteration: d'bhyn
Morphology: possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 15

ܐܫܬܥܝܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܫܬܥܝܘ
Transliteration: 'sht'yw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3

ܠܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܢ
Transliteration: ln
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 322

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

דִי שְׁמַעֲנָן וִידַעֲנָן לְהוֹן וַאֲבָהָתָן תַּנִיאוּ לָנָא׃

7 word entries

דִי

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: די
Transliteration: dy
Morphology: relative/genitive particle
Gloss: of, that, which
Occurrences: 1711

שְׁמַעֲנָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שמענן
Transliteration: shm'nn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

וִידַעֲנָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ידענן
Transliteration: wyd'nn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

לְהוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הון
Transliteration: lhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1262

וַאֲבָהָתָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אבהתן
Transliteration: w'bhtn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 4

תַּנִיאוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תניאו
Transliteration: tny'w
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 2

לָנָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: לנא
Transliteration: ln'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 197

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Effuderunt sanguinem eorum tamquam aquam in circuitu Jerusalem, et non erat qui sepeliret.

13 word entries

effuderunt

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: effundo
Transliteration: effuderunt
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 162

sanguinem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sanguis
Transliteration: sanguinem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 475

ipsorum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ipse
Transliteration: ipsorum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 2134

tamquam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tamquam
Transliteration: tamquam
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 176

aquam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: aqua
Transliteration: aquam
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 692

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

circuitu

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: circuitus
Transliteration: circuitu
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 259

Hierusalem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Ierusalem
Transliteration: Hierusalem
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 27

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

non

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: non
Transliteration: non
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 7320

erat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: erat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

sepeliret

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sepelio
Transliteration: sepeliret
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 157

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Psalms 78

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Ranked cross references

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Exodus 13:8

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