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World English Bible

Psalms 68

World English Bible, Verse 32

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³² Sing to God, you kingdoms of the earth! Sing praises to the Lord— Selah—

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Psalms 68:32. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 51

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

יֶאֱתָ֣יוּ חַ֭שְׁמַנִּים מִנִּ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם כּ֥וּשׁ תָּרִ֥יץ יָ֝דָ֗יו לֵאלֹהִֽים׃

8 word entries

יֶאֱתָ֣יוּ

Lemma: 857
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H857
Occurrences: 13

חַ֭שְׁמַנִּים

Lemma: 2831
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2831
Occurrences: 1

מִנִּ֣י

Lemma: 4480 a
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H4480
Occurrences: 1059

מִצְרָ֑יִם

Lemma: 4714
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H4714
Occurrences: 467

כּ֥וּשׁ

Lemma: 3568 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3568
Occurrences: 24

תָּרִ֥יץ

Lemma: 7323
Morphology: Hebrew: verb hiphil imperfect 3rd person feminine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7323
Occurrences: 47

יָ֝דָ֗יו

Lemma: 3027
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common both gender dual construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3027
Occurrences: 747

לֵאלֹהִֽים

Lemma: l/430
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H430
Occurrences: 124

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

καὶ ἀρέσει τῷ Θεῷ ὑπὲρ μόσχον νέον κέρατα ἐκφέροντα καὶ ὁπλάς.

11 word entries

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἀρέσει

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἀρέσει
Transliteration: aresei
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 6

τῷ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

Θεῷ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: θεός
Transliteration: theo
Morphology: noun, masculine dative singular
Gloss: to/for God
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: God, deity, or divine being.
Strong's: G2316
Occurrences: 3522

ὑπὲρ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὑπέρ
Transliteration: hyper
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: over, above, on behalf of
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition used with genitive or accusative.
Occurrences: 395

μόσχον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μόσχος
Transliteration: moschon
Morphology: noun, masculine accusative singular
Gloss: calf, young bull
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Calf, young bull, or young animal.
Occurrences: 152

νέον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: νέον
Transliteration: neon
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

κέρατα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: κέρατα
Transliteration: kerata
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 37

ἐκφέροντα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐκφέροντα
Transliteration: ekpheronta
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ὁπλάς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ὁπλάς
Transliteration: oplas
Morphology: accusative plural feminine or genitive singular feminine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܢܐܬܘܢ ܐܝܙ̈ܓܕܐ ܡܢ ܡܨܪܝܢ ܘܟܘܫ ܬܫܠܡ ܐܝܕܐ ܠܐܠܗܐ

8 word entries

ܢܐܬܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܐܬܘܢ
Transliteration: n'twn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
Occurrences: 33

ܐܝܙ̈ܓܕܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܝܙܓܕܐ
Transliteration: 'yzgd'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 56

ܡܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܢ
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5552

ܡܨܪܝܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܨܪܝܢ
Transliteration: msryn
Morphology: possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
Occurrences: 61

ܘܟܘܫ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܟܘܫ
Transliteration: wkwsh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 2

ܬܫܠܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܬܫܠܡ
Transliteration: tshlm
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 7

ܐܝܕܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܝܕܐ
Transliteration: 'yd'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 117

ܠܐܠܗܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܐܠܗܐ
Transliteration: l'lh'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 178

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

יֵיתוּן בְּנוֹי דְחָם חוּסְמָנַיָא מִמִצְרַיִם לְאִתְגַיָרָא בְּנוֹי דְכוּשׁ יִרְהֲטוּן לְמִפְרַשׂ יְדֵיהוֹן בִּצְלוֹ קֳדָם אֳלָהָא׃

14 word entries

יֵיתוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ייתון
Transliteration: yytwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 86

בְּנוֹי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נוי
Transliteration: bnwy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 101

דְחָם

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דחם
Transliteration: dchm
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 9

חוּסְמָנַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חוסמניא
Transliteration: chwsmny'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 1

מִמִצְרַיִם

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מצרים
Transliteration: mmtsrym
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 261

לְאִתְגַיָרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אתגירא
Transliteration: l'tgyr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 4

בְּנוֹי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נוי
Transliteration: bnwy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 101

דְכוּשׁ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: כוש
Transliteration: dkwsh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 16

יִרְהֲטוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ירהטון
Transliteration: yrhtwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 3

לְמִפְרַשׂ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מפרש
Transliteration: lmprsh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 7

יְדֵיהוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ידיהון
Transliteration: ydyhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 112

בִּצְלוֹ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צלו
Transliteration: btslw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 50

קֳדָם

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: קדם
Transliteration: qdm
Morphology: prepositional or nominal form
Gloss: before, in front of, east
Occurrences: 2023

אֳלָהָא׃

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: אלה
Transliteration: 'lh'
Morphology: noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss: God
Occurrences: 779

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

et placebit Deo super vitulum novellum, cornua producentem et ungulas.

10 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

placebit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: placeo
Transliteration: placebit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 232

Deo

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: deus
Transliteration: Deo
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Gloss: God
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: God, deity
Etymology: Latin noun for God or a god.
Occurrences: 4889

super

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: super
Transliteration: super
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 3146

vitulum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uitulus
Transliteration: vitulum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 142

novellum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: nouellus
Transliteration: novellum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 4

cornua

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: cornu
Transliteration: cornua
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 97

producentem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: produco
Transliteration: producentem
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 41

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

ungulas

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ungula
Transliteration: ungulas
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 23

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Psalms 68

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

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Revelation 15:4

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