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World English Bible

Psalms 18

World English Bible, Verse 28

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²⁸ For you will light my lamp, Yahweh. My God will light up my darkness.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Psalms 18:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 7

Word Entries 54

Editorial Notes 2

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

כִּֽי־אַ֭תָּה עַם־עָנִ֣י תוֹשִׁ֑יעַ וְעֵינַ֖יִם רָמ֣וֹת תַּשְׁפִּֽיל׃

8 word entries

כִּֽי

Lemma: 3588 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3588
Occurrences: 4218

אַ֭תָּה

Lemma: 859 a
Morphology: Hebrew: pronoun
Part of Speech: pronoun
Strong's: H859
Occurrences: 535

עַם

Lemma: 5971 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5971
Occurrences: 682

עָנִ֣י

Lemma: 6041
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H6041
Occurrences: 59

תוֹשִׁ֑יעַ

Lemma: 3467
Morphology: Hebrew: verb hiphil imperfect 2rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H3467
Occurrences: 116

וְעֵינַ֖יִם

Lemma: c/5869 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common both gender dual absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H5869
Occurrences: 47

רָמ֣וֹת

Lemma: 7311 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7311
Occurrences: 126

תַּשְׁפִּֽיל

Lemma: 8213
Morphology: Hebrew: verb hiphil imperfect 2rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H8213
Occurrences: 19

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Shown from source reference 17:28 because this tradition numbers the passage differently.

Ὅτι σὺ λαὸν ταπεινὸν σώσεις, καὶ ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑπερηφάνων ταπεινώσεις.

9 word entries

Ὅτι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅτι
Transliteration: hoti
Morphology: subordinating conjunction
Gloss: that, because, for
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Conjunction introducing cause, content, or explanation.
Occurrences: 3703

σὺ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: σύ
Transliteration: sy
Morphology: pronoun, nominative second-person singular
Gloss: you
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Second-person personal pronoun.
Occurrences: 12950

λαὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: λαός
Transliteration: laos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: people
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: People, nation, or community.
Occurrences: 1841

ταπεινὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ταπεινὸν
Transliteration: tapeinon
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 8

σώσεις

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σώσεις
Transliteration: soseis
Morphology: Greek -εις form; likely verb 2nd singular or plural noun/adjective depending on context
Gloss: form requires context
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 13

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ὀφθαλμοὺς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὀφθαλμός
Transliteration: ophthalmous
Morphology: noun, masculine accusative plural
Gloss: eyes
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Eye; by extension sight or perception.
Occurrences: 553

ὑπερηφάνων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ὑπερηφάνων
Transliteration: yperephanon
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

ταπεινώσεις

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ταπεινώσεις
Transliteration: tapeinoseis
Morphology: Greek -εις form; likely verb 2nd singular or plural noun/adjective depending on context
Gloss: form requires context
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܡܛܠ ܕܐܢܬ ܥܡܐ ܡܣܟܢܐ ܬܦܪܘܩ ܘܥܝ̈ܢܐ ܪ̈ܡܬܐ ܬܡܟܟ

8 word entries

ܡܛܠ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: MVL
Morphology: MVL
Occurrences: 0

ܕܐܢܬ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: D>NT
Morphology: D->NT
Occurrences: 0

ܥܡܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: <M>
Morphology: <M=/~>
Occurrences: 0

ܡܣܟܢܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: MSKN>
Morphology: MSKN/~>
Occurrences: 0

ܬܦܪܘܩ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: TPRWQ
Morphology: !T!PR&WQ[
Occurrences: 0

ܘܥܝ̈ܢܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: W<J"N>
Morphology: W-<JN/(J~>
Occurrences: 0

ܪ̈ܡܬܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: R"MT>
Morphology: RM/T=~>
Occurrences: 0

ܬܡܟܟ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: TMKK
Morphology: !T!MKK[:d
Occurrences: 0

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

מְטוּל דְאַנְתְּ יַת עַמָא בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל דַחֲשִׁיכִין בֵּינֵי עַמְמַיָא בְּגָלוּתָא אַנְתְּ עֲתִיד לְמִפְרַק וּבְמֵימְרָךְ אוּמַיָא תַקִיפַיָא דְמִתְגַבְּרִין עֲלֵיהוֹן תַּמְאִיךְ׃

19 word entries

מְטוּל

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: טול
Transliteration: mtwl
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 322

דְאַנְתְּ

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: אנת
Transliteration: d'nt
Morphology: prefixed relative/genitive ד + personal pronoun
Gloss: of/that you
Occurrences: 120

יַת

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: ית
Transliteration: yt
Morphology: accusative/direct object marker
Gloss: direct object marker
Occurrences: 4303

עַמָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: עם
Transliteration: 'm'
Morphology: noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss: people
Occurrences: 1754

בֵּית

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: בית
Transliteration: byt
Morphology: noun construct/absolute
Gloss: house, household
Occurrences: 2611

יִשְׂרָאֵל

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: ישראל
Transliteration: yshr'l
Morphology: proper noun
Gloss: Israel
Occurrences: 2312

דַחֲשִׁיכִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חשיכין
Transliteration: dchshykyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 6

בֵּינֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יני
Transliteration: byny
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 148

עַמְמַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עממיא
Transliteration: 'mmy'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 635

בְּגָלוּתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גלותא
Transliteration: bglwt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 71

אַנְתְּ

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: אנת
Transliteration: 'nt
Morphology: personal pronoun
Gloss: you
Occurrences: 120

עֲתִיד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עתיד
Transliteration: 'tyd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 130

לְמִפְרַק

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מפרק
Transliteration: lmprq
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 33

וּבְמֵימְרָךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: במימרך
Transliteration: wbmymrk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 6

אוּמַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אומיא
Transliteration: 'wmy'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 38

תַקִיפַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תקיפיא
Transliteration: tqypy'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 11

דְמִתְגַבְּרִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מתגברין
Transliteration: dmtgbryn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 8

עֲלֵיהוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עליהון
Transliteration: 'lyhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 342

תַּמְאִיךְ׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תמאיך
Transliteration: tm'yk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 3

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Shown from source reference 17:28 because this tradition numbers the passage differently.

Quoniam tu populum humilem salvum facies, et oculos superborum humiliabis.

10 word entries

quoniam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quoniam
Transliteration: quoniam
Morphology: GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 1134

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tu
Transliteration: tu
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4602

populum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: populus
Transliteration: populum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 2030

humilem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: humilis
Transliteration: humilem
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 66

salvum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: saluus
Transliteration: salvum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 169

facies

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: facio
Transliteration: facies
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 4719

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

oculos

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: oculus
Transliteration: oculos
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 682

superborum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: superbus
Transliteration: superborum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 63

humiliabis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: humilio
Transliteration: humiliabis
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 132

Spirit Nation Greek LXX Alignment Note English · Greek Septuagint Structure · Spirit Nation Editorial Note

Source

Coverage: Source-structure exceptions

Explains reader references where the imported tradition does not align one-to-one.

Editorial alignment note: The Greek Septuagint tradition often follows different ordering, grouping, or book structure here. Reader-side public-domain text for this reference: "For thou wilt light my candle: the LORD my God will enlighten my darkness." This panel is a study bridge only, not a replacement for an ancient source witness.

Source verse imported. Word-by-word lemma, morphology, gloss, and lexicon entries have not been attached for this language/source yet.

Spirit Nation Latin Vulgate Alignment Note English · Latin Vulgate Structure · Spirit Nation Editorial Note

Source

Coverage: Source-structure exceptions

Explains reader references where the imported tradition does not align one-to-one.

Editorial alignment note: The Clementine Vulgate source does not expose this exact reader reference as a one-to-one source row. Reader-side public-domain text for this reference: "For thou wilt light my candle: the LORD my God will enlighten my darkness." This panel is a study bridge only, not a replacement for an ancient source witness.

Source verse imported. Word-by-word lemma, morphology, gloss, and lexicon entries have not been attached for this language/source yet.

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Psalms 18

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