Joshua 18

World English Bible, Verse 24

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²⁴ Chephar Ammoni, Ophni, and Geba; twelve cities with their villages.

Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Joshua 18:24. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 49

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וּכְפַ֧ר העמני וְהָֽעָפְנִ֖י וָגָ֑בַע עָרִ֥ים שְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה וְחַצְרֵיהֶֽן׃

9 word entries

וּכְפַ֧ר

Lemma: c/3726+
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun proper
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3726
Occurrences: 1

העמני

Lemma: 3726
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3726
Occurrences: 2

הָֽעַמֹּנָ֛ה

Lemma: 3726
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3726
Occurrences: 2

וְהָֽעָפְנִ֖י

Lemma: c/d/6078
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + particle definite article + noun proper
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H6078
Occurrences: 1

וָגָ֑בַע

Lemma: c/1387
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun proper
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H1387
Occurrences: 3

עָרִ֥ים

Lemma: 5892 b
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5892
Occurrences: 377

שְׁתֵּים

Lemma: 8147
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H8147
Occurrences: 536

עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה

Lemma: 6240
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H6240
Occurrences: 336

וְחַצְרֵיהֶֽן

Lemma: c/2691 b
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common both gender plural construct + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H2691
Occurrences: 32

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

καὶ Καραφὰ, καὶ Κεφιρὰ, καὶ Μονὶ, καὶ Γαβαὰ, πόλεις δώδεκα· καὶ αἱ κῶμαι αὐτῶν,

14 word entries

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

Καραφὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: καραφὰ
Transliteration: karapha
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

Κεφιρὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: κεφιρὰ
Transliteration: kephira
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

Μονὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: μονὶ
Transliteration: moni
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

Γαβαὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: Γαβαὰ
Transliteration: gabaa
Morphology: proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss: Γαβαὰ
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 25

πόλεις

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πόλις
Transliteration: polis
Morphology: noun, feminine nominative singular
Gloss: city
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: City or town.
Occurrences: 1387

δώδεκα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δώδεκα
Transliteration: dodeka
Morphology: numeral, indeclinable
Gloss: twelve
Part of Speech: numeral
Definition: Twelve.
Occurrences: 136

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

αἱ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

κῶμαι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: κῶμαι
Transliteration: komai
Morphology: nominative plural feminine or infinitive/verb form depending on context
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/verb form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 38

αὐτῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܟܦܪ ܥܘܡܩܐ ܘܥܦܠܝ ܘܓܒܥ ܩܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܐܪ̈ܒܥܣܪܐ ܘܐܓܘܪ̈ܣܝܗܝܢ

7 word entries

ܘܟܦܪ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: WKPR
Morphology: W-KPR=/
Occurrences: 0

ܥܘܡܩܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: <WMQ>
Morphology: <WMQ/~>
Occurrences: 0

ܘܥܦܠܝ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: W<PLJ
Morphology: W-<PLJ/
Occurrences: 0

ܘܓܒܥ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: WGB<
Morphology: W-GB</
Occurrences: 0

ܩܘܪ̈ܝܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: QWR"J>
Morphology: QWR(J(>/J~>
Occurrences: 0

ܐܪ̈ܒܥܣܪܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: >R"B<SR>
Morphology: >RB(</-<SR>/
Occurrences: 0

ܘܐܓܘܪ̈ܣܝܗܝܢ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: W>GWR"SJHJN
Morphology: W->GWRS/J-HJN
Occurrences: 0

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וּכְפַר הָעַמוֹנָה וְהָעָפְנִי וְגָבַע קִרְוִין תַּרְתָּא עַסְרֵי וּפַצְחַיהֶן׃

8 word entries

וּכְפַר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: כפר
Transliteration: wkpr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 5

הָעַמוֹנָה

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: העמונה
Transliteration: h'mwnh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

וְהָעָפְנִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: העפני
Transliteration: wh'pny
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

וְגָבַע

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גבע
Transliteration: wgb'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 7

קִרְוִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קרוין
Transliteration: qrwyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 93

תַּרְתָּא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תרתא
Transliteration: trt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 17

עַסְרֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עסרי
Transliteration: 'sry
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 66

וּפַצְחַיהֶן׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: פצחיהן
Transliteration: wptschyhn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 27

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

villa Emona et Ophni et Gabee: civitates duodecim, et villæ earum.

11 word entries

villa

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uilla
Transliteration: villa
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 44

Emona

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Emona
Transliteration: Emona
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 1

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

Ofni

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ofniuiscnis
Transliteration: Ofni
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 3

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

Gabee

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Gabea
Transliteration: Gabee
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 2

civitates

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ciuitas
Transliteration: civitates
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1108

duodecim

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: duodecim
Transliteration: duodecim
Morphology: GreLa POS: numeral
Occurrences: 188

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

villae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uilla
Transliteration: villae
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 44

earum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: earum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Joshua 18

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

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Nehemiah 7:30

Isaiah 10:29

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