Joshua 18

World English Bible, Verse 18

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¹⁸ It passed along to the side opposite the Arabah northward, and went down to the Arabah.

Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Joshua 18:18. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 73

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וְעָבַ֛ר אֶל־כֶּ֥תֶף מוּל־הָֽעֲרָבָ֖ה צָפ֑וֹנָה וְיָרַ֖ד הָעֲרָבָֽתָה׃

8 word entries

וְעָבַ֛ר

Lemma: c/5674 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H5674
Occurrences: 159

אֶל

Lemma: 413
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H413
Occurrences: 5170

כֶּ֥תֶף

Lemma: 3802
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3802
Occurrences: 46

מוּל

Lemma: 4136
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H4136
Occurrences: 25

הָֽעֲרָבָ֖ה

Lemma: d/6160
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H6160
Occurrences: 18

צָפ֑וֹנָה

Lemma: 6828
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6828
Occurrences: 81

וְיָרַ֖ד

Lemma: c/3381
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3381
Occurrences: 161

הָעֲרָבָֽתָה

Lemma: d/6160
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common feminine singular absolute + suffix
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H6160
Occurrences: 18

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

καὶ διελεύσεται κατὰ νώτου Βαιθάραβα ἀπὸ Βοῤῥᾶ, καὶ καταβήσεται ἐπὶ τὰ ὅρια ἐπὶ νῶτον θάλασσαν ἀπὸ Βοῤῥᾶ.

17 word entries

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

διελεύσεται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: διελεύσεται
Transliteration: dieleysetai
Morphology: verb, future middle indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it will ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 22

κατὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κατά
Transliteration: kata
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: according to, against, down
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of κατά.
Occurrences: 1973

νώτου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: νώτου
Transliteration: notoy
Morphology: genitive singular masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 22

Βαιθάραβα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: βαιθάραβα
Transliteration: baitharaba
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

ἀπὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀπό
Transliteration: apo
Morphology: preposition with genitive
Gloss: from, away from
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of ἀπό.
Occurrences: 3869

Βοῤῥᾶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: βορρᾶς
Transliteration: borras
Morphology: noun, masculine genitive singular or adverbial form
Gloss: north
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: North or north wind.
Occurrences: 138

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

καταβήσεται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: καταβήσεται
Transliteration: katabesetai
Morphology: verb, future middle indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it will ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 29

ἐπὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐπί
Transliteration: epi
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, over, against
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
Occurrences: 6685

τὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ὅρια

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅριον
Transliteration: horia
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative plural
Gloss: borders, boundaries
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Boundary, border, or territory.
Occurrences: 227

ἐπὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐπί
Transliteration: epi
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, over, against
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
Occurrences: 6685

νῶτον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: νῶτον
Transliteration: noton
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 13

θάλασσαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: θάλασσα
Transliteration: thalassa
Morphology: noun, feminine nominative singular
Gloss: sea
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Sea, lake, or large body of water.
Occurrences: 375

ἀπὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀπό
Transliteration: apo
Morphology: preposition with genitive
Gloss: from, away from
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of ἀπό.
Occurrences: 3869

Βοῤῥᾶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: βορρᾶς
Transliteration: borras
Morphology: noun, masculine genitive singular or adverbial form
Gloss: north
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: North or north wind.
Occurrences: 138

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܥ̇ܒܪ ܥܠ ܣܛܪܐ ܕܠܘܩܒܠ ܦܩܥܬܐ ܡܢ ܓܪܒܝܐ ܘܢ̇ܚܬ ܠܦܩܥܬܐ

9 word entries

ܘܥ̇ܒܪ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: W<^BR
Morphology: W-<BR[/
Occurrences: 0

ܥܠ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: <L
Morphology: <L
Occurrences: 0

ܣܛܪܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: SVR>
Morphology: SVR/~>
Occurrences: 0

ܕܠܘܩܒܠ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: DLWQBL
Morphology: D-LWQBL
Occurrences: 0

ܦܩܥܬܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: PQ<T>
Morphology: PQ<(>/T~>
Occurrences: 0

ܡܢ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: MN
Morphology: MN
Occurrences: 0

ܓܪܒܝܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: GRBJ>
Morphology: GRBJ/~>
Occurrences: 0

ܘܢ̇ܚܬ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: WN^XT
Morphology: W-NXT[/
Occurrences: 0

ܠܦܩܥܬܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: LPQ<T>
Morphology: L-PQ<(>/T~>
Occurrences: 0

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וַעֲבַר לְעִיבְרָא דִלָקֳבֵיל מֵישְׁרָא צִפּוּנָא וְנָחִית לְעַרְבָתָה׃

7 word entries

וַעֲבַר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עבר
Transliteration: w'br
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 107

לְעִיבְרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עיברא
Transliteration: l'ybr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 5

דִלָקֳבֵיל

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: לקביל
Transliteration: dlqbyl
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 7

מֵישְׁרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ישרא
Transliteration: myshr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 24

צִפּוּנָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צפונא
Transliteration: tspwn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 125

וְנָחִית

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נחית
Transliteration: wnchyt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 21

לְעַרְבָתָה׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ערבתה
Transliteration: l'rbth
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

et pertransit usque ad tumulos, qui sunt e regione ascensus Adommim: descenditque ad Abenboën, id est, lapidem Boën filii Ruben: et pertransit ex latere aquilonis ad campestria: descenditque in planitiem,

32 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

pertransit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pertranseo
Transliteration: pertransit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 80

usque

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: usque
Transliteration: usque
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 1221

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ad
Transliteration: ad
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 7531

tumulos

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tumulus
Transliteration: tumulos
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 24

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

sunt

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: sunt
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ex
Transliteration: e
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 1715

regione

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: regio
Transliteration: regione
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 261

ascensus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ascensus
Transliteration: ascensus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 21

Adommim

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Adommis
Transliteration: Adommim
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 2

descenditque

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: descendo
Transliteration: descenditque
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 385

{descenditque}

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: que
Transliteration: {descenditque}
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 4392

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ad
Transliteration: ad
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 7531

Abenboen

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Abenboe
Transliteration: Abenboen
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 1

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: id
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

est

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: est
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

lapidem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: lapis
Transliteration: lapidem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 330

Boen

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Boen
Transliteration: Boen
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 1

filii

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: filius
Transliteration: filii
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 5067

Ruben

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Rubes
Transliteration: Ruben
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 20

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

pertransit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pertranseo
Transliteration: pertransit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 80

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ex
Transliteration: ex
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 1715

latere

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: latus
Transliteration: latere
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 162

aquilonis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: aquilo
Transliteration: aquilonis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 131

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ad
Transliteration: ad
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 7531

campestria

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: campestria
Transliteration: campestria
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 12

descenditque

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: descendo
Transliteration: descenditque
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 385

{descenditque}

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: que
Transliteration: {descenditque}
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 4392

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

planitiem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: planities
Transliteration: planitiem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 10

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Joshua 15:6

The border went up to Beth Hoglah, and passed along by the north of Beth Arabah; and the border went up to the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben.

4 relevance votes

Joshua 15:61

In the wilderness, Beth Arabah, Middin, Secacah,

2 relevance votes

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