28 On the cliff he dwells and makes his home, on the point of the cliff and the stronghold.
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Job 39:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
5
Word Entries
35
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
סֶ֣לַע יִ֭שְׁכֹּן וְיִתְלֹנָ֑ן עַֽל־שֶׁן־סֶ֝֗לַע וּמְצוּדָֽה׃
7 word entries
סֶ֣לַע
יִ֭שְׁכֹּן
וְיִתְלֹנָ֑ן
עַֽל
שֶׁן
סֶ֝֗לַע
Greek Brenton Septuagint
Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
ἐπʼ ἐξοχῇ πέτρας, καὶ ἀποκρύφῳ,
5 word entries
ἐπʼ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἐπί
- Transliteration
- ep
- Morphology
- preposition, elided form
- Gloss
- on, upon, over, against
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
- Occurrences
- 6685
ἐξοχῇ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- ἐξοχῇ
- Transliteration
- exoch
- Morphology
- nominative feminine singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 1
πέτρας
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- πέτρα
- Transliteration
- petras
- Morphology
- noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural
- Gloss
- of rock, rocks
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Rock, cliff, or rocky place.
- Occurrences
- 47
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
ἀποκρύφῳ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἀποκρύφῳ
- Transliteration
- apokrypho
- Morphology
- dative singular masculine/neuter pattern
- Gloss
- to/for ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 7
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܘܫ̇ܟܢ ܘܒ̇ܐܬ ܥܠ ܫܢܐ ܕܫܩܝܦܐ
5 word entries
ܘܫ̇ܟܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܫܟܢ
- Transliteration
- wshkn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1
ܘܒ̇ܐܬ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܒܐܬ
- Transliteration
- wb't
- Morphology
- possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1
ܥܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܠ
- Transliteration
- 'l
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 3346
ܫܢܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܫܢܐ
- Transliteration
- shn'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 27
ܕܫܩܝܦܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܫܩܝܦܐ
- Transliteration
- dshqyp'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 4
Targumim on Prophets and Writings
Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
כֵּיפָא יִשְׁרֵי וִיבִית עַל כְּרַךְ טִיגָר וּמְצַדְתָּא׃
7 word entries
כֵּיפָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- יפא
- Transliteration
- kyp'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 18
יִשְׁרֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ישרי
- Transliteration
- yshry
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 32
וִיבִית
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- יבית
- Transliteration
- wybyt
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 9
עַל
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- על
- Transliteration
- 'l
- Morphology
- preposition
- Gloss
- on, upon, against, concerning
- Occurrences
- 3568
כְּרַךְ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- כרך
- Transliteration
- krk
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 28
טִיגָר
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- טיגר
- Transliteration
- tygr
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 1
וּמְצַדְתָּא׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- מצדתא
- Transliteration
- wmtsdt'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 11
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
In petris manet, et in præruptis silicibus commoratur, atque inaccessis rupibus.
11 word entries
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
petris
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- petra
- Transliteration
- petris
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 103
manet
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- maneo
- Transliteration
- manet
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 277
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
praeruptis
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- praeruptus
- Transliteration
- praeruptis
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 5
silicibus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- silex
- Transliteration
- silicibus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 10
commoratur
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- commoror
- Transliteration
- commoratur
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 28
atque
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- atque
- Transliteration
- atque
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 755
inaccessis
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- inaccessus
- Transliteration
- inaccessis
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 1
rupibus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- rupes
- Transliteration
- rupibus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 9
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
1 Samuel 14:4
Between the passes, by which Jonathan sought to go over to the Philistines’ garrison, there was a rocky crag on the one side and a rocky crag on the other side; and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh.
2 relevance votes