5 Also he built Beth Horon the upper and Beth Horon the lower, fortified cities with walls, gates, and bars;
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to 2 Chronicles 8:5. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
5
Word Entries
68
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
וַיִּ֜בֶן אֶת־בֵּ֤ית חוֹרוֹן֙ הָֽעֶלְי֔וֹן וְאֶת־בֵּ֥ית חוֹר֖וֹן הַתַּחְתּ֑וֹן עָרֵ֣י מָצ֔וֹר חוֹמ֖וֹת דְּלָתַ֥יִם וּבְרִֽיחַ׃
14 word entries
וַיִּ֜בֶן
אֶת
הָֽעֶלְי֔וֹן
וְאֶת
הַתַּחְתּ֑וֹן
עָרֵ֣י
מָצ֔וֹר
חוֹמ֖וֹת
דְּלָתַ֥יִם
Greek Brenton Septuagint
Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
Καὶ ᾠκοδόμησε τὴν Βαιθωρὼν τὴν ἄνω καὶ τὴν Βαιθωρὼν τὴν κάτω, πόλεις ὀχυράς· τείχη, πύλαι, καὶ μοχλοί·
17 word entries
Καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
ᾠκοδόμησε
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- οἰκοδομέω
- Transliteration
- okodomese
- Morphology
- verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular
- Gloss
- he/she/it built
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- To build or construct.
- Occurrences
- 188
τὴν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
Βαιθωρὼν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- Βαιθωρὼν
- Transliteration
- baithoron
- Morphology
- proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
- Gloss
- Βαιθωρὼν
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 15
τὴν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
ἄνω
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἄνω
- Transliteration
- ano
- Morphology
- 1st singular verb or contracted noun/adjective form depending on context
- Gloss
- I ...
- Part of Speech
- verb/noun form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 34
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
τὴν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
Βαιθωρὼν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- Βαιθωρὼν
- Transliteration
- baithoron
- Morphology
- proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
- Gloss
- Βαιθωρὼν
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 15
τὴν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
κάτω
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- κάτω
- Transliteration
- kato
- Morphology
- 1st singular verb or contracted noun/adjective form depending on context
- Gloss
- I ...
- Part of Speech
- verb/noun form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 24
πόλεις
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- πόλις
- Transliteration
- polis
- Morphology
- noun, feminine nominative singular
- Gloss
- city
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- City or town.
- Occurrences
- 1387
ὀχυράς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ὀχυράς
- Transliteration
- ochyras
- Morphology
- accusative plural feminine or genitive singular feminine pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 4
τείχη
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- τεῖχος
- Transliteration
- teichos
- Morphology
- noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
- Gloss
- wall
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Wall, especially a city wall.
- Occurrences
- 111
πύλαι
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- πύλαι
- Transliteration
- pylai
- Morphology
- nominative plural feminine or infinitive/verb form depending on context
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective/verb form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 28
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
μοχλοί
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- μοχλοί
- Transliteration
- mochloi
- Morphology
- nominative plural masculine pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 2
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܘܒܢܐ ܒܝܬ ܚܘܪܢ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܚܘܪܢ ܬܚܬܝܬܐ
7 word entries
ܘܒܢܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܒܢܐ
- Transliteration
- wbn'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 50
ܒܝܬ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܒܝܬ
- Transliteration
- beth
- Morphology
- noun, construct form
- Gloss
- house of
- Occurrences
- 480
ܚܘܪܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܚܘܪܢ
- Transliteration
- hwrn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 14
ܥܠܝܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܠܝܬܐ
- Transliteration
- 'lyt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 13
ܘܒܝܬ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܒܝܬ
- Transliteration
- wbyt
- Morphology
- possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 69
ܚܘܪܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܚܘܪܢ
- Transliteration
- hwrn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 14
ܬܚܬܝܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܬܚܬܝܬܐ
- Transliteration
- thtyt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 7
Targumim on Prophets and Writings
Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
וּבְנָא יַת בֵּית חוֹרוֹן עִלָאָה וְיַת בֵּית חוֹרוֹן אַרְעָאָה קִרְוִין כְּרִיכָן מַקְפָן שׁוּרָן דָשִׁין וְעִבָּרִין׃
15 word entries
וּבְנָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- בנא
- Transliteration
- wbn'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 132
יַת
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- ית
- Transliteration
- yt
- Morphology
- accusative/direct object marker
- Gloss
- direct object marker
- Occurrences
- 4303
בֵּית
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- בית
- Transliteration
- byt
- Morphology
- noun construct/absolute
- Gloss
- house, household
- Occurrences
- 2611
חוֹרוֹן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חורון
- Transliteration
- chwrwn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 15
עִלָאָה
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- עלאה
- Transliteration
- 'l'h
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 36
וְיַת
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- וית
- Transliteration
- wyt
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1320
בֵּית
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- בית
- Transliteration
- byt
- Morphology
- noun construct/absolute
- Gloss
- house, household
- Occurrences
- 2611
חוֹרוֹן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חורון
- Transliteration
- chwrwn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 15
אַרְעָאָה
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- ארע
- Transliteration
- 'r''h
- Morphology
- noun feminine singular emphatic
- Gloss
- earth, land
- Occurrences
- 1735
קִרְוִין
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- קרוין
- Transliteration
- qrwyn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 93
כְּרִיכָן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ריכן
- Transliteration
- krykn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 29
מַקְפָן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- קפן
- Transliteration
- mqpn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 4
שׁוּרָן
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- שורן
- Transliteration
- shwrn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 3
דָשִׁין
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- שין
- Transliteration
- dshyn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 14
וְעִבָּרִין׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- עברין
- Transliteration
- w'bryn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 31
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Exstruxitque Bethoron superiorem, et Bethoron inferiorem, civitates muratas habentes portas et vectes et seras:
15 word entries
extruxitque
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- exstruo
- Transliteration
- extruxitque
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 40
{extruxitque}
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- que
- Transliteration
- {extruxitque}
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 4392
Bethoron
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Bethoron
- Transliteration
- Bethoron
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 20
superiorem
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- superus
- Transliteration
- superiorem
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 127
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
Bethoron
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Bethoron
- Transliteration
- Bethoron
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 20
inferiorem
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- inferus
- Transliteration
- inferiorem
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 43
civitates
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ciuitas
- Transliteration
- civitates
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 1108
muratas
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- muratus
- Transliteration
- muratas
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 10
habentes
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- habeo
- Transliteration
- habentes
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 1641
portas
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- porta
- Transliteration
- portas
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 412
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
vectes
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uectis
- Transliteration
- vectes
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 66
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
seras
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- serus
- Transliteration
- seras
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 13
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
1 Chronicles 7:24
His daughter was Sheerah, who built Beth Horon the lower and the upper, and Uzzen Sheerah.
4 relevance votesJoshua 16:5
This was the border of the children of Ephraim according to their families. The border of their inheritance eastward was Ataroth Addar, to Beth Horon the upper.
3 relevance votesJoshua 16:3
and it went down westward to the border of the Japhletites, to the border of Beth Horon the lower, and on to Gezer; and ended at the sea.
3 relevance votes2 Chronicles 14:7
For he said to Judah, “Let’s build these cities and make walls around them, with towers, gates, and bars. The land is yet before us, because we have sought Yahweh our God. We have sought him, and he has given us rest on every side.” So they built and prospered.
3 relevance votes