15 David saw that Saul had come out to seek his life. David was in the wilderness of Ziph in the woods.
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Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to 1 Samuel 23:15. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
וַיַּ֣רְא דָוִ֔ד כִּֽי־יָצָ֥א שָׁא֖וּל לְבַקֵּ֣שׁ אֶת־נַפְשׁ֑וֹ וְדָוִ֥ד בְּמִדְבַּר־זִ֖יף בַּחֹֽרְשָׁה׃ ס
וַיַּ֣רְא
כִּֽי
יָצָ֥א
לְבַקֵּ֣שׁ
אֶת
נַפְשׁ֑וֹ
וְדָוִ֥ד
בְּמִדְבַּר
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
Καὶ εἶδε Δαυὶδ, ὅτι ἐξέρχεται Σαοὺλ τοῦ ζητεῖν τὸν Δαυίδ· καὶ Δαυὶδ ἦν ἐν τῷ ὄρει τῷ αὐχμώδει ἐν τῇ Καινῇ Ζίφ.
Καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
εἶδε
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁράω
- Transliteration
- eide
- Morphology
- verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular
- Gloss
- he/she/it saw
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- To see, perceive, or look at.
- Occurrences
- 768
Δαυὶδ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- Δαυίδ
- Transliteration
- David
- Morphology
- proper noun, indeclinable
- Gloss
- David
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- David.
- Occurrences
- 1047
ὅτι
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὅτι
- Transliteration
- hoti
- Morphology
- subordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- that, because, for
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Conjunction introducing cause, content, or explanation.
- Occurrences
- 3703
ἐξέρχεται
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- ἐξέρχεται
- Transliteration
- exerchetai
- Morphology
- verb, present/future middle-passive form, 3rd singular
- Gloss
- he/she/it ...
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 1
Σαοὺλ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- Σαούλ
- Transliteration
- Saoul
- Morphology
- proper noun, indeclinable
- Gloss
- Saul
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Saul, biblical personal name.
- Occurrences
- 380
τοῦ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
ζητεῖν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ζητεῖν
- Transliteration
- zetein
- Morphology
- present/aorist active infinitive pattern
- Gloss
- to ...
- Part of Speech
- infinitive
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 11
τὸν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
Δαυίδ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- Δαυίδ
- Transliteration
- Dauid
- Morphology
- proper noun, indeclinable
- Gloss
- David
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- David.
- Occurrences
- 1047
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
Δαυὶδ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- Δαυίδ
- Transliteration
- David
- Morphology
- proper noun, indeclinable
- Gloss
- David
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- David.
- Occurrences
- 1047
ἦν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- εἰμί
- Transliteration
- en
- Morphology
- verb, imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular
- Gloss
- he/she/it was
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- To be or exist.
- Strong's
- G1510
- Occurrences
- 5427
ἐν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἐν
- Transliteration
- en
- Morphology
- preposition with dative
- Gloss
- in, among, with
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Preposition commonly taking the dative.
- Strong's
- G1722
- Occurrences
- 13086
τῷ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
ὄρει
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὄρος
- Transliteration
- oros
- Morphology
- noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
- Gloss
- mountain
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Mountain or hill.
- Occurrences
- 607
τῷ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
αὐχμώδει
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- αὐχμώδει
- Transliteration
- aychmodei
- Morphology
- dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 2
ἐν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἐν
- Transliteration
- en
- Morphology
- preposition with dative
- Gloss
- in, among, with
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Preposition commonly taking the dative.
- Strong's
- G1722
- Occurrences
- 13086
τῇ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
Καινῇ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- καινῇ
- Transliteration
- kain
- Morphology
- nominative feminine singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 3
Ζίφ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- Ζίφ
- Transliteration
- ziph
- Morphology
- proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
- Gloss
- Ζίφ
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 3
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܘܚܙܐ ܕܘܝܕ ܕܢܦܩ ܫܐܘܠ ܠܡܒܥܐ ܢܦܫܗ ܘܕܘܝܕ ܒܡܕܒܪܐ ܕܙܝܦ ܒܥܒܐ
ܘܚܙܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܚܙܐ
- Transliteration
- whz'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 94
ܕܘܝܕ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܘܝܕ
- Transliteration
- dwyd
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 617
ܕܢܦܩ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܢܦܩ
- Transliteration
- dnpq
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 57
ܫܐܘܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܫܐܘܠ
- Transliteration
- sh'wl
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 265
ܠܡܒܥܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܡܒܥܐ
- Transliteration
- lmb''
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 18
ܢܦܫܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܢܦܫܗ
- Transliteration
- npshh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 112
ܘܕܘܝܕ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܕܘܝܕ
- Transliteration
- wdwyd
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 46
ܒܡܕܒܪܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܡܕܒܪܐ
- Transliteration
- bmdbr'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 94
ܕܙܝܦ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܙܝܦ
- Transliteration
- dzyp
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 5
ܒܥܒܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܥܒܐ
- Transliteration
- b'b'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 8
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
וַחֲזָא דָוִד אֲרֵי נְפַק שָׁאוּל לְמִקְטְלֵיהּ וְדָוִד בְּמַדְבְּרָא דְזִיף בְּחוּרְשָׁא׃
וַחֲזָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חזא
- Transliteration
- wchz'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 80
דָוִד
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- דוד
- Transliteration
- dwd
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 1106
אֲרֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ארי
- Transliteration
- 'ry
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 1969
נְפַק
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- נפק
- Transliteration
- npq
- Morphology
- verbal root נפק
- Gloss
- went out, came forth
- Occurrences
- 177
שָׁאוּל
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- שאול
- Transliteration
- sh'wl
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 424
לְמִקְטְלֵיהּ
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- מקטליה
- Transliteration
- lmqtlyh
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 13
וְדָוִד
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- דוד
- Transliteration
- wdwd
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1106
בְּמַדְבְּרָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- מדברא
- Transliteration
- bmdbr'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 141
דְזִיף
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- זיף
- Transliteration
- dzyp
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 12
בְּחוּרְשָׁא׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חורשא
- Transliteration
- bchwrsh'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 41
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Et vidit David quod egressus esset Saul ut quæreret animam ejus. Porro David erat in deserto Ziph in silva.
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
vidit
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uideo
- Transliteration
- vidit
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 1988
David
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Dauid
- Transliteration
- David
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 1095
quod
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- quod
- Transliteration
- quod
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1241
egressus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- egredior
- Transliteration
- egressus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 667
esset
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- esset
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
Saul
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Saul
- Transliteration
- Saul
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 388
ut
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ut
- Transliteration
- ut
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
- Occurrences
- 4533
quaereret
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- quaero
- Transliteration
- quaereret
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 420
animam
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- anima
- Transliteration
- animam
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 916
eius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
porro
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- porro
- Transliteration
- porro
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 279
David
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Dauid
- Transliteration
- David
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 1095
erat
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- erat
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
deserto
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- desertum
- Transliteration
- deserto
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 196
Ziph
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Ziphri
- Transliteration
- Ziph
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: other
- Occurrences
- 1
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
silva
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- silua
- Transliteration
- silva
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 32