1 Samuel
Chapter 23
Verse 1
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1 Samuel 23

World English Bible, Verse 1

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1 David was told, “Behold, the Philistines are fighting against Keilah, and are robbing the threshing floors.”

Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to 1 Samuel 23:1. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5
Word Entries 64
Editorial Notes 0
How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וַיַּגִּ֥דוּ לְדָוִ֖ד לֵאמֹ֑ר הִנֵּ֤ה פְלִשְׁתִּים֙ נִלְחָמִ֣ים בִּקְעִילָ֔ה וְהֵ֖מָּה שֹׁסִ֥ים אֶת־הַגֳּרָנֽוֹת׃

11 word entries
וַיַּגִּ֥דוּ
Lemma
c/5046
Morphology
Hebrew: conjunction + verb hiphil sequential imperfect 3rd person masculine plural
Part of Speech
conjunction
Strong's
H5046
Occurrences
165
לְדָוִ֖ד
Lemma
l/1732
Morphology
Hebrew: preposition + noun proper
Part of Speech
preposition
Strong's
H1732
Occurrences
158
לֵאמֹ֑ר
Lemma
l/559
Morphology
Hebrew: preposition + verb qal infinitive construct
Part of Speech
preposition
Strong's
H559
Occurrences
936
הִנֵּ֤ה
Lemma
2009
Morphology
Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech
particle
Strong's
H2009
Occurrences
473
פְלִשְׁתִּים֙
Lemma
6430
Morphology
Hebrew: noun gentilic masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech
noun
Strong's
H6430
Occurrences
203
נִלְחָמִ֣ים
Lemma
3898 a
Morphology
Hebrew: verb niphal participle active
Part of Speech
verb
Strong's
H3898
Occurrences
58
בִּקְעִילָ֔ה
Lemma
b/7084
Morphology
Hebrew: preposition + noun proper
Part of Speech
preposition
Strong's
H7084
Occurrences
1
וְהֵ֖מָּה
Lemma
c/1992
Morphology
Hebrew: conjunction + pronoun
Part of Speech
conjunction
Strong's
H1992
Occurrences
98
שֹׁסִ֥ים
Lemma
8154
Morphology
Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech
verb
Strong's
H8154
Occurrences
10
אֶת
Lemma
853
Morphology
Hebrew: particle direct object marker
Part of Speech
particle
Strong's
H853
Occurrences
8730
הַגֳּרָנֽוֹת
Lemma
d/1637
Morphology
Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common both gender plural absolute
Part of Speech
particle
Strong's
H1637
Occurrences
11
Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Δαυὶδ, λέγοντες, ἰδοὺ οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι πολεμοῦσιν ἐν τῇ Κεϊλὰ, καὶ αὐτοὶ διαρπάζουσι, καταπατοῦσι τοὺς ἅλω.

18 word entries
Καὶ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
καί
Transliteration
kai
Morphology
coordinating conjunction
Gloss
and, also, even
Part of Speech
conjunction
Definition
Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's
G2532
Occurrences
56730
ἀπηγγέλη
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Transliteration
apeggele
Morphology
nominative feminine singular pattern
Gloss
...
Part of Speech
noun/adjective form
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
27
τῷ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
Δαυὶδ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
David
Morphology
proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss
David
Part of Speech
proper noun
Definition
David.
Occurrences
1047
λέγοντες
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
legontes
Morphology
present active participle, nominative masculine plural
Gloss
saying
Part of Speech
verb/participle
Definition
To say or speak.
Occurrences
5490
ἰδοὺ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
idou
Morphology
interjection/particle
Gloss
behold, look
Part of Speech
particle/interjection
Definition
Attention marker or interjection.
Occurrences
1077
οἱ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
ἀλλόφυλοι
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
allophyloi
Morphology
noun/adjective, nominative masculine plural
Gloss
foreigners, Philistines
Part of Speech
noun/adjective
Definition
Foreign, of another people; often Philistine in LXX context.
Occurrences
223
πολεμοῦσιν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Transliteration
polemoysin
Morphology
verb, present/future active indicative, 3rd plural
Gloss
they ...
Part of Speech
verb
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
5
ἐν
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
ἐν
Transliteration
en
Morphology
preposition with dative
Gloss
in, among, with
Part of Speech
preposition
Definition
Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's
G1722
Occurrences
13086
τῇ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
Κεϊλὰ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Transliteration
keila
Morphology
proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss
Κεϊλὰ
Part of Speech
proper noun
Definition
Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
11
καὶ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
καί
Transliteration
kai
Morphology
coordinating conjunction
Gloss
and, also, even
Part of Speech
conjunction
Definition
Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's
G2532
Occurrences
56730
αὐτοὶ
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Transliteration
autos
Morphology
pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
he, himself
Part of Speech
pronoun
Definition
Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences
26672
διαρπάζουσι
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
low
Confidence note
Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Transliteration
diarpazoysi
Morphology
verb, present/future active indicative, 3rd plural
Gloss
they ...
Part of Speech
verb
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
1
καταπατοῦσι
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
low
Confidence note
Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Transliteration
katapatoysi
Morphology
verb, present/future active indicative, 3rd plural
Gloss
they ...
Part of Speech
verb
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
1
τοὺς
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium high
Confidence note
Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma
Transliteration
ho
Morphology
definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss
the
Part of Speech
article
Definition
Greek definite article.
Strong's
G3588
Occurrences
80473
ἅλω
Status
Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence
medium
Confidence note
Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma
ἅλω
Transliteration
alo
Morphology
1st singular verb or contracted noun/adjective form depending on context
Gloss
I ...
Part of Speech
verb/noun form
Definition
Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences
12
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܚܘܝܘ ܠܕܘܝܕ ܘܐܡܪܘ ܠܗ ܗܐ ܦܠܫ̈ܬܝܐ ܡܬܟܬܫܝܢ ܒܩܥܝܠܐ ܘܗܢܘܢ ܒܙܝܢ ܐܕܪ̈ܐ

11 word entries
ܘܚܘܝܘ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
whwyw
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
37
ܠܕܘܝܕ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
ldwyd
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences
181
ܘܐܡܪܘ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
w'mrw
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
256
ܠܗ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma
ܠܗ
Transliteration
lh
Morphology
Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences
2252
ܗܐ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma
ܗܐ
Transliteration
h'
Morphology
probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences
591
ܦܠܫ̈ܬܝܐ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
plshty'
Morphology
probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences
99
ܡܬܟܬܫܝܢ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
mtktshyn
Morphology
possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending
Occurrences
14
ܒܩܥܝܠܐ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
bq'yl'
Morphology
probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences
1
ܘܗܢܘܢ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
whnwn
Morphology
possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
89
ܒܙܝܢ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
bzyn
Morphology
possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences
1
ܐܕܪ̈ܐ
Confidence
low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note
Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Transliteration
'dr'
Morphology
probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences
15
Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וְחַוִיאוּ לְדָוִד לְמֵימָר הָא פְּלִשְׁתָּאֵי מְגִיחִין קְרָבָא בִקְעִילָה וְהָא אִינוּן בָּזְזִין יַת אִידְרַיָא׃

13 word entries
וְחַוִיאוּ
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
wchwy'w
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences
37
לְדָוִד
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma
דוד
Transliteration
ldwd
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences
1106
לְמֵימָר
Confidence
medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note
Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma
אמר
Transliteration
lmymr
Morphology
prefixed preposition ל + speech root/form
Gloss
to/for to say, saying
Occurrences
3728
הָא
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma
הא
Transliteration
h'
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences
704
פְּלִשְׁתָּאֵי
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
plsht'y
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences
256
מְגִיחִין
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
mgychyn
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences
9
קְרָבָא
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
qrb'
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences
469
בִקְעִילָה
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
bq'ylh
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences
16
וְהָא
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma
והא
Transliteration
wh'
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences
254
אִינוּן
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
'ynwn
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences
449
בָּזְזִין
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
bzzyn
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences
3
יַת
Confidence
medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note
Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma
ית
Transliteration
yt
Morphology
accusative/direct object marker
Gloss
direct object marker
Occurrences
4303
אִידְרַיָא׃
Status
Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence
low aramaic preliminary
Note
Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Transliteration
'ydry'
Morphology
preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences
1
Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Et annuntiaverunt David, dicentes: Ecce Philisthiim oppugnant Ceilam et diripiunt areas.

11 word entries
et
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
et
Transliteration
et
Morphology
GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss
and
Part of Speech
conjunction
Definition
and, also, even
Etymology
Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences
50526
nuntiaverunt
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
nuntio
Transliteration
nuntiaverunt
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
184
David
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
Dauid
Transliteration
David
Morphology
GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences
1095
dicentes
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
dico
Transliteration
dicentes
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
6477
ecce
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
ecce
Transliteration
ecce
Morphology
GreLa POS: other
Occurrences
1031
Philisthim
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Transliteration
Philisthim
Morphology
GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences
133
obpugnant
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
oppugno
Transliteration
obpugnant
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
18
Ceila
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
Ceila
Transliteration
Ceila
Morphology
GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences
18
et
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
et
Transliteration
et
Morphology
GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss
and
Part of Speech
conjunction
Definition
and, also, even
Etymology
Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences
50526
diripiunt
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
diripio
Transliteration
diripiunt
Morphology
GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences
51
areas
Status
Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma
area
Transliteration
areas
Morphology
GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences
45

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Joshua 15:44

Keilah, Achzib, and Mareshah; nine cities with their villages.

6 relevance votes

Micah 6:15

You will sow, but won’t reap. You will tread the olives, but won’t anoint yourself with oil; and crush grapes, but won’t drink the wine.

3 relevance votes

Judges 6:4

They encamped against them, and destroyed the increase of the earth, until you come to Gaza. They left no sustenance in Israel, and no sheep, ox, or donkey.

2 relevance votes

Deuteronomy 28:51

They will eat the fruit of your livestock and the fruit of your ground, until you are destroyed. They also won’t leave you grain, new wine, oil, the increase of your livestock, or the young of your flock, until they have caused you to perish.

2 relevance votes

Deuteronomy 28:33

A nation which you don’t know will eat the fruit of your ground and all of your work. You will only be oppressed and crushed always,

2 relevance votes

Leviticus 26:16

I also will do this to you: I will appoint terror over you, even consumption and fever, that shall consume the eyes, and make the soul to pine away. You will sow your seed in vain, for your enemies will eat it.

2 relevance votes

Judges 6:11

Yahweh’s angel came and sat under the oak which was in Ophrah, that belonged to Joash the Abiezrite. His son Gideon was beating out wheat in the wine press, to hide it from the Midianites.

1 relevance votes
Chapter 23 · 23 of 31 available Verse 1 of 29