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World English Bible Updated

Joel 1

World English Bible Updated, Verse 10

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¹⁰ The field is laid waste. The land mourns, for the grain is destroyed, The new wine has dried up, and the oil languishes.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Joel 1:10. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 62

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

שֻׁדַּ֣ד שָׂדֶ֔ה אָבְלָ֖ה אֲדָמָ֑ה כִּ֚י שֻׁדַּ֣ד דָּגָ֔ן הוֹבִ֥ישׁ תִּיר֖וֹשׁ אֻמְלַ֥ל יִצְהָֽר׃

11 word entries

שֻׁדַּ֣ד

Lemma: 7703
Morphology: Hebrew: verb pual perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7703
Occurrences: 49

שָׂדֶ֔ה

Lemma: 7704 b
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H7704
Occurrences: 74

אָבְלָ֖ה

Lemma: 56
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 3rd person feminine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H56
Occurrences: 24

אֲדָמָ֑ה

Lemma: 127
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H127
Occurrences: 93

כִּ֚י

Lemma: 3588 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3588
Occurrences: 4218

שֻׁדַּ֣ד

Lemma: 7703
Morphology: Hebrew: verb pual perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7703
Occurrences: 49

דָּגָ֔ן

Lemma: 1715
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H1715
Occurrences: 26

הוֹבִ֥ישׁ

Lemma: 3001
Morphology: Hebrew: verb hiphil perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H3001
Occurrences: 55

תִּיר֖וֹשׁ

Lemma: 8492
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H8492
Occurrences: 12

אֻמְלַ֥ל

Lemma: 535
Morphology: Hebrew: verb pulal perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H535
Occurrences: 15

יִצְהָֽר

Lemma: 3323
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3323
Occurrences: 4

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

ὅτι τεταλαιπώρηκε τὰ πεδία· πενθείτω ἡ γῆ, ὅτι τεταλαιπώρηκεν σῖτος· ἐξηράνθη οἶνος, ὠλιγώθη ἔλαιον·

14 word entries

ὅτι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅτι
Transliteration: hoti
Morphology: subordinating conjunction
Gloss: that, because, for
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Conjunction introducing cause, content, or explanation.
Occurrences: 3703

τεταλαιπώρηκε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: τεταλαιπώρηκε
Transliteration: tetalaiporeke
Morphology: verb, perfect/aorist active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

τὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

πεδία

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πεδία
Transliteration: pedia
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 15

πενθείτω

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: πενθείτω
Transliteration: pentheito
Morphology: 1st singular verb or contracted noun/adjective form depending on context
Gloss: I ...
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

ἡ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

γῆ

Status: Machine-aligned lexicon entry
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Aligned to an existing lexicon entry but not manually reviewed for this LXX verse.
Note: Machine-aligned to an existing lexicon entry. Verify against the source before treating as hand-curated.
Lemma: γῆ
Transliteration: ge
Morphology: noun
Gloss: earth
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Earth, ground, or land.
Strong's: G1093
Occurrences: 2962

ὅτι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅτι
Transliteration: hoti
Morphology: subordinating conjunction
Gloss: that, because, for
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Conjunction introducing cause, content, or explanation.
Occurrences: 3703

τεταλαιπώρηκεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: τεταλαιπώρηκεν
Transliteration: tetalaiporeken
Morphology: verb, perfect/aorist active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

σῖτος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σῖτος
Transliteration: sitos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

ἐξηράνθη

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐξηράνθη
Transliteration: exeranthe
Morphology: verb, aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: was ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 16

οἶνος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: οἶνος
Transliteration: onos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 193

ὠλιγώθη

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ὠλιγώθη
Transliteration: oligothe
Morphology: verb, aorist passive indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: was ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

ἔλαιον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἔλαιον
Transliteration: elaion
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: oil, olive oil
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Olive oil or oil.
Occurrences: 190

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܐܬܒܙܬ ܚܩܠܐ ܘܝܬܒܬ ܒܐܒܠܐ ܐܪܥܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܐܬܒܙܙ ܥܒܘܪܐ ܘܝܒܫ ܚܡܪܐ ܘܚܪܒܘ ܙܝ̈ܬܐ

12 word entries

ܐܬܒܙܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܬܒܙܬ
Transliteration: 'tbzt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 3

ܚܩܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܩܠܐ
Transliteration: hql'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 14

ܘܝܬܒܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܝܬܒܬ
Transliteration: wytbt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 22

ܒܐܒܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܐܒܠܐ
Transliteration: b'bl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 23

ܐܪܥܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܐܪܥܐ
Transliteration: ara
Morphology: noun, feminine emphatic singular
Gloss: earth, land
Occurrences: 731

ܡܛܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܛܠ
Transliteration: mtl
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2606

ܕܐܬܒܙܙ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܐܬܒܙܙ
Transliteration: d'tbzz
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 5

ܥܒܘܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܒܘܪܐ
Transliteration: 'bwr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 26

ܘܝܒܫ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܝܒܫ
Transliteration: wybsh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 10

ܚܡܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܡܪܐ
Transliteration: hmr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 95

ܘܚܪܒܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܚܪܒܘ
Transliteration: whrbw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 14

ܙܝ̈ܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܙܝܬܐ
Transliteration: zyt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 9

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

אִיתְבְּזִיזוּ חַקְלַיָא חֲרוּבַת אַרְעָא אֲרֵי סַף עִבּוּרָא יְבִישׁוּ גוּפְנַיָא נְתַרוּ זֵיתַיָא׃

11 word entries

אִיתְבְּזִיזוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: איתבזיזו
Transliteration: 'ytbzyzw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

חַקְלַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חקליא
Transliteration: chqly'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 5

חֲרוּבַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חרובת
Transliteration: chrwbt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 13

אַרְעָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: ארע
Transliteration: 'r''
Morphology: noun feminine singular emphatic
Gloss: earth, land
Occurrences: 1735

אֲרֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ארי
Transliteration: 'ry
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1969

סַף

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סף
Transliteration: sp
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 12

עִבּוּרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עבורא
Transliteration: 'bwr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 30

יְבִישׁוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יבישו
Transliteration: ybyshw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 9

גוּפְנַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גופניא
Transliteration: gwpny'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 5

נְתַרוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נתרו
Transliteration: ntrw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 4

זֵיתַיָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: זיתיא
Transliteration: zyty'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 8

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Depopulata est regio, luxit humus, quoniam devastatum est triticum, confusum est vinum, elanguit oleum.

14 word entries

depopulata

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: depopulor
Transliteration: depopulata
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 7

est

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: est
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

regio

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: regio
Transliteration: regio
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 261

luxit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: luceo
Transliteration: luxit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 49

humus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: humus
Transliteration: humus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 44

quoniam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quoniam
Transliteration: quoniam
Morphology: GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 1134

devastatum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: deuasto
Transliteration: devastatum
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 4

est

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: est
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

triticum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: triticum
Transliteration: triticum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 45

confusum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: confundo
Transliteration: confusum
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 169

est

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: est
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

vinum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uinum
Transliteration: vinum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 224

elanguit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: elanguesco
Transliteration: elanguit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 5

oleum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: oleum
Transliteration: oleum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 199

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Joel 1

Source Text Study

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