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English Revised Version

Baruch 3

English Revised Version, Verse 20

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²⁰ Younger men have seen the light, and dwelt upon the earth: but the way of knowledge have they not known,

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Baruch 3:20. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 3

Word Entries 34

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Νεώτεροι εἶδον φῶς, καὶ κατῴκησαν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ὁδὸν δὲ ἐπιστήμης οὐκ ἔγνωσαν,

13 word entries

Νεώτεροι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: νεώτεροι
Transliteration: neoteroi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

εἶδον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁράω
Transliteration: eidon
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 1st singular or 3rd plural
Gloss: I/they saw
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To see, perceive, or look at.
Occurrences: 768

φῶς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: φῶς
Transliteration: phos
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: light
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Light.
Occurrences: 113

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

κατῴκησαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: κατῴκησαν
Transliteration: katkesan
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural pattern
Gloss: they ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 31

ἐπὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐπί
Transliteration: epi
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, over, against
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
Occurrences: 6685

τῆς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

γῆς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: γῆ
Transliteration: ges
Morphology: noun, feminine genitive singular
Gloss: of earth, of land
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Earth, ground, or land.
Strong's: G1093
Occurrences: 2962

ὁδὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁδός
Transliteration: hodon
Morphology: noun, feminine accusative singular
Gloss: way, road, path
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Way, road, path, journey, or manner of life.
Occurrences: 701

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

ἐπιστήμης

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐπιστήμης
Transliteration: epistemes
Morphology: genitive singular feminine or nominative masculine pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 14

οὐκ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὐ
Transliteration: ou
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle before rough breathing.
Occurrences: 5892

ἔγνωσαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: γινώσκω
Transliteration: egnosan
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural
Gloss: they knew
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To know, recognize, perceive, or understand.
Occurrences: 284

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܥ̈ܠܝܡܐ ܚܙܘ ܢܘܗܪܐ̣ ܘܥܡ̣ܪܘ ܒܐܪܥܐ. ܘܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܣܘܟܠܐ ܘܕܚܟܡܬܐ̣ ܠܐ ܝܕܥ̣ܘ

10 word entries

ܥ̈ܠܝܡܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠܝܡܐ
Transliteration: 'lym'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 52

ܚܙܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܙܘ
Transliteration: hzw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 80

ܢܘܗܪܐ̣

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܘܗܪܐ
Transliteration: nwhr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 67

ܘܥܡ̣ܪܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܥܡܪܘ
Transliteration: w'mrw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 9

ܒܐܪܥܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܐܪܥܐ
Transliteration: b'r''
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 281

ܘܐܘܪܚܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܐܘܪܚܐ
Transliteration: w'wrh'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 22

ܕܣܘܟܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܣܘܟܠܐ
Transliteration: dswkl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 5

ܘܕܚܟܡܬܐ̣

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܕܚܟܡܬܐ
Transliteration: wdhkmt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܠܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܠܐ
Transliteration: la
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2566

ܝܕܥ̣ܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܝܕܥܘ
Transliteration: yd'w
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 35

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Juvenes viderunt lumen, et habitaverunt super terram, viam autem disciplinæ ignoraverunt,

11 word entries

Juvenes

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Note: Machine-enriched from transliteration and language rules. Detailed morphology is pending a dedicated source import.
Lemma: juvenes
Transliteration: Juvenes
Morphology: preliminary Latin source token
Occurrences: 1

viderunt

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Note: Machine-enriched from transliteration and language rules. Detailed morphology is pending a dedicated source import.
Lemma: viderunt
Transliteration: viderunt
Morphology: preliminary Latin verb, 3rd plural
Occurrences: 4

lumen

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Note: Machine-enriched from transliteration and language rules. Detailed morphology is pending a dedicated source import.
Lemma: lumen
Transliteration: lumen
Morphology: preliminary Latin source token
Occurrences: 90

Status: Machine-aligned lexicon entry
Note: Machine-aligned to an existing lexicon entry. Verify against the source before treating as hand-curated.
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

habitaverunt

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Note: Machine-enriched from transliteration and language rules. Detailed morphology is pending a dedicated source import.
Lemma: habitaverunt
Transliteration: habitaverunt
Morphology: preliminary Latin verb, 3rd plural
Occurrences: 2

super

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Note: Machine-enriched from transliteration and language rules. Detailed morphology is pending a dedicated source import.
Lemma: super
Transliteration: super
Morphology: preliminary Latin source token
Occurrences: 3146

terram

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Note: Machine-enriched from transliteration and language rules. Detailed morphology is pending a dedicated source import.
Lemma: terram
Transliteration: terram
Morphology: preliminary Latin nominal/adjectival form
Occurrences: 24

viam

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Note: Machine-enriched from transliteration and language rules. Detailed morphology is pending a dedicated source import.
Lemma: viam
Transliteration: viam
Morphology: preliminary Latin nominal/adjectival form
Occurrences: 6

autem

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Note: Machine-enriched from transliteration and language rules. Detailed morphology is pending a dedicated source import.
Lemma: autem
Transliteration: autem
Morphology: conjunction/adverb
Gloss: but, however, moreover
Occurrences: 5069

disciplinæ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Note: Machine-enriched from transliteration and language rules. Detailed morphology is pending a dedicated source import.
Lemma: disciplinæ
Transliteration: disciplinæ
Morphology: preliminary Latin source token
Occurrences: 3

ignoraverunt

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Note: Machine-enriched from transliteration and language rules. Detailed morphology is pending a dedicated source import.
Lemma: ignoraverunt
Transliteration: ignoraverunt
Morphology: preliminary Latin verb, 3rd plural
Occurrences: 2

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