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Geneva Bible

Proverbs 28

Geneva Bible, Verse 27

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²⁷ He that giueth vnto the poore, shall not lacke: but he that hideth his eyes, shall haue many curses.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 28:27. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 55

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

נוֹתֵ֣ן לָ֭רָשׁ אֵ֣ין מַחְס֑וֹר וּמַעְלִ֥ים עֵ֝ינָ֗יו רַב־מְאֵרֽוֹת׃

8 word entries

נוֹתֵ֣ן

Lemma: 5414
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5414
Occurrences: 1113

לָ֭רָשׁ

Lemma: l/7326
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H7326
Occurrences: 2

אֵ֣ין

Lemma: 369
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H369
Occurrences: 460

מַחְס֑וֹר

Lemma: 4270
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H4270
Occurrences: 7

וּמַעְלִ֥ים

Lemma: c/5956
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb hiphil participle active
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H5956
Occurrences: 10

עֵ֝ינָ֗יו

Lemma: 5869 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common both gender dual construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5869
Occurrences: 350

רַב

Lemma: 7227 a
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H7227
Occurrences: 362

מְאֵרֽוֹת

Lemma: 3994
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3994
Occurrences: 2

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ὃς δίδωσι πτωχοῖς οὐκ ἐνδεηθήσεται, ὃς δὲ ἀποστρέφει τὸν ὀφθαλμὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν πολλῇ ἀπορίᾳ ἔσται.

15 word entries

Ὃς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅς
Transliteration: hos
Morphology: relative pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: who, which
Part of Speech: relative pronoun
Definition: Relative pronoun who, which, that.
Occurrences: 4123

δίδωσι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: δίδωσι
Transliteration: didosi
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

πτωχοῖς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πτωχοῖς
Transliteration: ptochois
Morphology: dative plural masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: to/for ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

οὐκ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὐ
Transliteration: ou
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle before rough breathing.
Occurrences: 5892

ἐνδεηθήσεται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐνδεηθήσεται
Transliteration: endeethesetai
Morphology: verb, future middle indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it will ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ὃς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅς
Transliteration: hos
Morphology: relative pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: who, which
Part of Speech: relative pronoun
Definition: Relative pronoun who, which, that.
Occurrences: 4123

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

ἀποστρέφει

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἀποστρέφει
Transliteration: apostrephei
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

τὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ὀφθαλμὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: Ὀφθαλμὸν
Transliteration: ophthalmon
Morphology: proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss: Ὀφθαλμὸν
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 16

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ἐν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐν
Transliteration: en
Morphology: preposition with dative
Gloss: in, among, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's: G1722
Occurrences: 13086

πολλῇ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πολλῇ
Transliteration: poll
Morphology: nominative feminine singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 21

ἀπορίᾳ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἀπορίᾳ
Transliteration: aporia
Morphology: dative singular feminine pattern
Gloss: to/for ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 6

ἔσται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰμί
Transliteration: estai
Morphology: verb, future middle indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it will be
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To be or exist.
Strong's: G1510
Occurrences: 5427

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܕܝܗܒ ܠܡܣܟܢܐ ܠܐ ܢܚܣܪ ܠܗ ܘܕܡܪܟܢ ܥܝ̈ܢܘܗܝ ܡܢ ܡܣܟܢܐ ܬܣܓܐ ܠܘܛܬܗ

11 word entries

ܕܝܗܒ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܝܗܒ
Transliteration: dyhb
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 67

ܠܡܣܟܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܡܣܟܢܐ
Transliteration: lmskn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 40

ܠܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܠܐ
Transliteration: la
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2566

ܢܚܣܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܚܣܪ
Transliteration: nhsr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3

ܠܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܗ
Transliteration: lh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 2252

ܘܕܡܪܟܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܕܡܪܟܢ
Transliteration: wdmrkn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܥܝ̈ܢܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܝܢܘܗܝ
Transliteration: 'ynwhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 46

ܡܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܢ
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5552

ܡܣܟܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܣܟܢܐ
Transliteration: mskn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 52

ܬܣܓܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܬܣܓܐ
Transliteration: tsg'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 8

ܠܘܛܬܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܘܛܬܗ
Transliteration: lwtth
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 3

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

דְיָהֵב לְמִסְכְּנָא לָא נֶחְסַר לֵיהּ וּדְמַחֲמֵי עַיְנֵיהּ מִן מִסְכֵּנָא סַגִיעִין לְוָטָתֵיהּ׃

11 word entries

דְיָהֵב

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: יהב
Transliteration: dyhb
Morphology: prefixed relative/genitive ד + verbal root יהב
Gloss: of/that gave, placed
Occurrences: 259

לְמִסְכְּנָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מסכנא
Transliteration: lmskn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 22

לָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: לא
Transliteration: l'
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2611

נֶחְסַר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נחסר
Transliteration: nchsr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

לֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ליה
Transliteration: lyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1154

וּדְמַחֲמֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דמחמי
Transliteration: wdmchmy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

עַיְנֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עיניה
Transliteration: 'ynyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 11

מִן

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מן
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, out of, than
Occurrences: 2836

מִסְכֵּנָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סכנא
Transliteration: mskn'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 17

סַגִיעִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סגיעין
Transliteration: sgy'yn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 45

לְוָטָתֵיהּ׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: וטתיה
Transliteration: lwttyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Qui dat pauperi non indigebit; qui despicit deprecantem sustinebit penuriam.

10 word entries

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

dat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: do
Transliteration: dat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 2116

pauperi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: pauper
Transliteration: pauperi
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 231

non

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: non
Transliteration: non
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 7320

indigebit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: indigeo
Transliteration: indigebit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 32

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

despicit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: despicio
Transliteration: despicit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 68

deprecantem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: deprecor
Transliteration: deprecantem
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 94

sustinebit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sustineo
Transliteration: sustinebit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 130

penuriam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: penuria
Transliteration: penuriam
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 12

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Proverbs 28

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Ranked cross references

Proverbs 19:17

Proverbs 11:24

Deuteronomy 15:7

Deuteronomy 15:10

Proverbs 22:9

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Isaiah 1:15

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