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Geneva Bible

Proverbs 15

Geneva Bible, Verse 28

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²⁸ The heart of the righteous studieth to answere: but the wicked mans mouth babbleth euil thinges.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 15:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 55

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

לֵ֣ב צַ֭דִּיק יֶהְגֶּ֣ה לַעֲנ֑וֹת וּפִ֥י רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים יַבִּ֥יעַ רָעֽוֹת׃

8 word entries

לֵ֣ב

Lemma: 3820 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3820
Occurrences: 463

צַ֭דִּיק

Lemma: 6662
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H6662
Occurrences: 160

יֶהְגֶּ֣ה

Lemma: 1897
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H1897
Occurrences: 21

לַעֲנ֑וֹת

Lemma: l/6030 b
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + verb qal infinitive construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H6030
Occurrences: 4

וּפִ֥י

Lemma: c/6310
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H6310
Occurrences: 21

רְ֝שָׁעִ֗ים

Lemma: 7563
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H7563
Occurrences: 201

יַבִּ֥יעַ

Lemma: 5042
Morphology: Hebrew: verb hiphil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5042
Occurrences: 11

רָעֽוֹת

Lemma: 7451 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine plural absolute
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H7451
Occurrences: 117

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Καρδίαι δικαίων μελετῶσι πίστεις, στόμα δὲ ἀσεβῶν ἀποκρίνεται κακά· δεκταὶ παρὰ Κυρίῳ ὁδοὶ ἀνθρώπων δικαίων, διὰ δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ οἱ ἐχθροὶ φίλοι γίνονται.

23 word entries

Καρδίαι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: καρδίαι
Transliteration: kardiai
Morphology: nominative plural feminine or infinitive/verb form depending on context
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/verb form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 11

δικαίων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δίκαιος
Transliteration: dikaios
Morphology: adjective, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: righteous, just
Part of Speech: adjective
Definition: Righteous, just, upright.
Occurrences: 227

μελετῶσι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: μελετῶσι
Transliteration: meletosi
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

πίστεις

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πίστεις
Transliteration: pisteis
Morphology: Greek -εις form; likely verb 2nd singular or plural noun/adjective depending on context
Gloss: form requires context
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

στόμα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: στόμα
Transliteration: stoma
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: mouth
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Mouth, opening, or speech.
Occurrences: 384

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

ἀσεβῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀσεβής
Transliteration: asebon
Morphology: adjective/substantive, genitive plural
Gloss: of the ungodly
Part of Speech: adjective/substantive
Definition: Ungodly, impious, wicked.
Occurrences: 143

ἀποκρίνεται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἀποκρίνεται
Transliteration: apokrinetai
Morphology: verb, present/future middle-passive form, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

κακά

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κακός
Transliteration: kaka
Morphology: adjective/substantive, neuter nominative/accusative plural
Gloss: evil things, troubles
Part of Speech: adjective/substantive
Definition: Bad, evil, harmful, or wicked.
Occurrences: 242

δεκταὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: δεκταὶ
Transliteration: dektai
Morphology: nominative plural feminine or infinitive/verb form depending on context
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/verb form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

παρὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: παρά
Transliteration: para
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, beside, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided form of παρά.
Occurrences: 776

Κυρίῳ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κύριος
Transliteration: kyrios
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: Lord, master
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Lord, master, owner, or title for God.
Occurrences: 7934

ὁδοὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: Ὁδοὶ
Transliteration: odoi
Morphology: proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss: Ὁδοὶ
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Generated proper-name alignment. Exact identity should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 32

ἀνθρώπων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἄνθρωπος
Transliteration: anthropos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: human, man
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Human being, person, man.
Occurrences: 1305

δικαίων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δίκαιος
Transliteration: dikaios
Morphology: adjective, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: righteous, just
Part of Speech: adjective
Definition: Righteous, just, upright.
Occurrences: 227

διὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: διά
Transliteration: dia
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: through, because of
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided form of διά.
Occurrences: 881

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

αὐτῶν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

οἱ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἐχθροὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐχθροὶ
Transliteration: echthroi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 29

φίλοι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: φίλοι
Transliteration: philoi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 30

γίνονται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: γίνονται
Transliteration: ginontai
Morphology: verb, present/future middle-passive form, 3rd plural
Gloss: they ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 6

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܠܒܗ ܕܙܕܝܩܐ ܪܢܐ ܒܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ ܘܦܘܡܐ ܕܥܘ̈ܠܐ ܡܡܠܠ ܒܝܫ̈ܬܐ

8 word entries

ܠܒܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܒܗ
Transliteration: lbh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 91

ܕܙܕܝܩܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܙܕܝܩܐ
Transliteration: dzdyq'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 69

ܪܢܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܪܢܐ
Transliteration: rn'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 9

ܒܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ
Transliteration: bhymnwt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 16

ܘܦܘܡܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܦܘܡܐ
Transliteration: wpwm'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 6

ܕܥܘ̈ܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܥܘܠܐ
Transliteration: d'wl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 116

ܡܡܠܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܡܠܠ
Transliteration: mmll
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 55

ܒܝܫ̈ܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܝܫܬܐ
Transliteration: bysht'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 352

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

לִבָּא דְצַדִיקָא רָנֵן בְּהֵימָנוּתָא וּפוּמְהוֹן דְרַשִׁיעֵי מַבִּיעַ בִּשְׁתָּא׃

8 word entries

לִבָּא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: לבא
Transliteration: lb'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 168

דְצַדִיקָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צדיקא
Transliteration: dtsdyq'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 74

רָנֵן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רנן
Transliteration: rnn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 6

בְּהֵימָנוּתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הימנותא
Transliteration: bhymnwt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 28

וּפוּמְהוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: פומהון
Transliteration: wpwmhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 53

דְרַשִׁיעֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רשיעי
Transliteration: drshy'y
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 98

מַבִּיעַ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ביע
Transliteration: mby'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 17

בִּשְׁתָּא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שתא
Transliteration: bsht'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 126

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Mens justi meditatur obedientiam; os impiorum redundat malis.

8 word entries

mens

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: mens
Transliteration: mens
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 80

iusti

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: iustus
Transliteration: iusti
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 427

meditatur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: meditor
Transliteration: meditatur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 34

oboedientiam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: obedientia
Transliteration: oboedientiam
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 13

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: os
Transliteration: os
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 657

impiorum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: impius
Transliteration: impiorum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 267

redundat

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: redundo
Transliteration: redundat
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 12

malis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: malum
Transliteration: malis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 129

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Proverbs 15

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