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Douay-Rheims American Edition

Proverbs 24

Douay-Rheims American Edition, Verse 28

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²⁸ Be not witness without cause against thy neighbour: and deceive not any man with thy lips.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 24:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 46

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

אַל־תְּהִ֣י עֵד־חִנָּ֣ם בְּרֵעֶ֑ךָ וַ֝הֲפִתִּ֗יתָ בִּשְׂפָתֶֽיךָ׃

7 word entries

אַל

Lemma: 408
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H408
Occurrences: 576

תְּהִ֣י

Lemma: 1961
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal jussive 2rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H1961
Occurrences: 1660

עֵד

Lemma: 5707
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5707
Occurrences: 51

חִנָּ֣ם

Lemma: 2600
Morphology: Hebrew: adverb
Part of Speech: adverb
Strong's: H2600
Occurrences: 31

בְּרֵעֶ֑ךָ

Lemma: b/7453
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H7453
Occurrences: 15

וַ֝הֲפִתִּ֗יתָ

Lemma: c/i/6601 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + particle + verb piel perfect 2rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H6601
Occurrences: 1

בִּשְׂפָתֶֽיךָ

Lemma: b/8193
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common feminine dual construct + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H8193
Occurrences: 16

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Μὴ ἴσθι ψευδὴς μάρτυς ἐπὶ σὸν πολίτην, μηδὲ πλατύνου σοῖς χείλεσι.

11 word entries

Μὴ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μή
Transliteration: me
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not, lest
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle commonly used with non-indicative moods.
Occurrences: 2979

ἴσθι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἴσθι
Transliteration: isthi
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 13

ψευδὴς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ψευδὴς
Transliteration: pseydes
Morphology: genitive singular feminine or nominative masculine pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 12

μάρτυς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: μάρτυς
Transliteration: martys
Morphology: nominative masculine/feminine singular or accusative plural pattern depending on context
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 35

ἐπὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐπί
Transliteration: epi
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, over, against
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
Occurrences: 6685

σὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σὸν
Transliteration: son
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 25

πολίτην

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πολίτην
Transliteration: politen
Morphology: accusative singular feminine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

μηδὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μηδέ
Transliteration: mede
Morphology: negative conjunction/particle
Gloss: and not, nor
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Negative coordinating conjunction/particle.
Occurrences: 130

πλατύνου

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: πλατύνου
Transliteration: platynoy
Morphology: genitive singular masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

σοῖς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σοῖς
Transliteration: sois
Morphology: dative plural masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: to/for ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 11

χείλεσι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: χείλεσι
Transliteration: cheilesi
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 9

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܠܐ ܬܗܘܐ ܣܗܕܐ ܕܓܠܐ ܥܠ ܚܒܪܟ ܘܠܐ ܬܦܬܦܬܝܘܗܝ ܒܣ̈ܦܘܬܟ

9 word entries

ܠܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܠܐ
Transliteration: la
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2566

ܬܗܘܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܬܗܘܐ
Transliteration: thw'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 132

ܣܗܕܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܣܗܕܐ
Transliteration: shd'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 23

ܕܓܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܓܠܐ
Transliteration: dgl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 55

ܥܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܠ
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 3346

ܚܒܪܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܒܪܟ
Transliteration: hbrk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 6

ܘܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܠܐ
Transliteration: wl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1993

ܬܦܬܦܬܝܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܬܦܬܦܬܝܘܗܝ
Transliteration: tptptywhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 1

ܒܣ̈ܦܘܬܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܣܦܘܬܟ
Transliteration: bspwtk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 3

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

לָא תֶהֱוֵי סָהֲדָא רַגָלָא בְּחַבְרָךְ וּתְשַׁרְגֵג בְּשִׂפְוָתָךְ׃

7 word entries

לָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: לא
Transliteration: l'
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2611

תֶהֱוֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תהוי
Transliteration: thwy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 20

סָהֲדָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סהדא
Transliteration: shd'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 10

רַגָלָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רגלא
Transliteration: rgl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 13

בְּחַבְרָךְ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חברך
Transliteration: bchbrk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 19

וּתְשַׁרְגֵג

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תשרגג
Transliteration: wtshrgg
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 2

בְּשִׂפְוָתָךְ׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שפותך
Transliteration: bshpwtk
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 4

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Ne sis testis frustra contra proximum tuum, nec lactes quemquam labiis tuis.

12 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ne
Transliteration: ne
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 1109

sis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: sis
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

testis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: testis
Transliteration: testis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 97

frustra

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: frustra
Transliteration: frustra
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 48

contra

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: contra
Transliteration: contra
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 895

proximum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: proximum
Transliteration: proximum
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 37

tuum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tuus
Transliteration: tuum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5615

nec

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: nec
Transliteration: nec
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 750

lactes

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: lac
Transliteration: lactes
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 55

quemquam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quisquam
Transliteration: quemquam
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 177

labiis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: labium
Transliteration: labiis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 109

tuis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tuus
Transliteration: tuis
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 5615

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Ephesians 4:25

Wherefore putting away lying, speak; ye the truth every man with his neighbour; for we are members one of another.

5 relevance votes

Proverbs 25:18

A man that beareth false witness against his neighbour, is like a dart and a sword and a sharp arrow.

3 relevance votes

Psalms 35:7

Thy justice is as the mountains of God, thy judgments are a great deep. Men and beasts thou wilt preserve, O Lord:

2 relevance votes

Exodus 20:16

Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.

2 relevance votes

Proverbs 19:5

A false witness shall not be unpunished: and he that speaketh lies shall not escape.

2 relevance votes

Job 2:3

And the Lord said to Satan: Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a man simple, and upright, and fearing God, and avoiding evil, and still keeping his innocence? But thou hast moved me against him, that I should afflict him without cause.

2 relevance votes

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Proverbs 24

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Ephesians 4:25

Proverbs 25:18

Psalms 35:7

Exodus 20:16

Proverbs 19:5

Job 2:3

Proverbs 21:28

Psalms 35:11

Colossians 3:9

Proverbs 19:9

Proverbs 14:5

Psalms 52:1