28 When he made strong the skies overhead: when the fountains of the deep were fixed:
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Proverbs 8:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
5
Word Entries
46
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
בְּאַמְּצ֣וֹ שְׁחָקִ֣ים מִמָּ֑עַל בַּ֝עֲז֗וֹז עִינ֥וֹת תְּהוֹם׃
6 word entries
בְּאַמְּצ֣וֹ
שְׁחָקִ֣ים
מִמָּ֑עַל
בַּ֝עֲז֗וֹז
עִינ֥וֹת
Greek Brenton Septuagint
Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
καὶ ὡς ἰσχυρὰ ἐποίει τὰ ἄνω νέφη, καὶ ὡς ἀσφαλεῖς ἐτίθει πηγὰς τῆς ὑπʼ οὐρανὸν,
15 word entries
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
ὡς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὡς
- Transliteration
- hos
- Morphology
- comparative conjunction/adverb
- Gloss
- as, like, when
- Part of Speech
- conjunction/adverb
- Definition
- Comparative or temporal conjunction/adverb.
- Occurrences
- 1899
ἰσχυρὰ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἰσχυρὰ
- Transliteration
- ischyra
- Morphology
- nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 13
ἐποίει
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἐποίει
- Transliteration
- epoiei
- Morphology
- dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 17
τὰ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
ἄνω
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἄνω
- Transliteration
- ano
- Morphology
- 1st singular verb or contracted noun/adjective form depending on context
- Gloss
- I ...
- Part of Speech
- verb/noun form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 34
νέφη
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- νέφη
- Transliteration
- nephe
- Morphology
- nominative feminine singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 11
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
ὡς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὡς
- Transliteration
- hos
- Morphology
- comparative conjunction/adverb
- Gloss
- as, like, when
- Part of Speech
- conjunction/adverb
- Definition
- Comparative or temporal conjunction/adverb.
- Occurrences
- 1899
ἀσφαλεῖς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- ἀσφαλεῖς
- Transliteration
- asphaleis
- Morphology
- Greek -εις form; likely verb 2nd singular or plural noun/adjective depending on context
- Gloss
- form requires context
- Part of Speech
- verb/noun form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 2
ἐτίθει
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- ἐτίθει
- Transliteration
- etithei
- Morphology
- dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 2
πηγὰς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- πηγὰς
- Transliteration
- pegas
- Morphology
- accusative plural feminine or genitive singular feminine pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 13
τῆς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
ὑπʼ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὑπό
- Transliteration
- hyp
- Morphology
- preposition, elided form
- Gloss
- under, by
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Elided form of ὑπό.
- Occurrences
- 443
οὐρανὸν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- οὐρανός
- Transliteration
- ouranon
- Morphology
- noun, masculine accusative singular
- Gloss
- heaven, sky
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Heaven, sky, or heavenly realm.
- Strong's
- G3772
- Occurrences
- 474
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܘܟܕ ܐܥܫܢ ܥܢ̈ܢܐ ܡܢ ܠܥܠ ܘܟܕ ܐܥܫܢ ܡܒ̈ܘܥܐ ܕܬܗ̈ܘܡܐ
9 word entries
ܘܟܕ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܟܕ
- Transliteration
- wkd
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 406
ܐܥܫܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܥܫܢ
- Transliteration
- ''shn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 16
ܥܢ̈ܢܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܢܢܐ
- Transliteration
- 'nn'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 58
ܡܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܢ
- Transliteration
- mn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 5552
ܠܥܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܥܠ
- Transliteration
- l'l
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 86
ܘܟܕ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܟܕ
- Transliteration
- wkd
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 406
ܐܥܫܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܥܫܢ
- Transliteration
- ''shn
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 16
ܡܒ̈ܘܥܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܒܘܥܐ
- Transliteration
- mbw''
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 24
ܕܬܗ̈ܘܡܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܬܗܘܡܐ
- Transliteration
- dthwm'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 5
Targumim on Prophets and Writings
Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
וְכַד אַגְרִים עֲנָנֵי מִלְעֵיל וְכַד אַעְשִׁין מַעְיְנֵי תְהוּמָא׃
8 word entries
וְכַד
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- וכד
- Transliteration
- wkd
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 83
אַגְרִים
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אגרים
- Transliteration
- 'grym
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 1
עֲנָנֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- ענני
- Transliteration
- 'nny
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 28
מִלְעֵיל
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- לעיל
- Transliteration
- ml'yl
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 8
וְכַד
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- וכד
- Transliteration
- wkd
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 83
אַעְשִׁין
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אעשין
- Transliteration
- ''shyn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 1
מַעְיְנֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- עיני
- Transliteration
- m'yny
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 157
תְהוּמָא׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- תהומא
- Transliteration
- thwm'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 35
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
quando æthera firmabat sursum, et librabat fontes aquarum;
8 word entries
quando
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- quando
- Transliteration
- quando
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 289
aethera
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- aether
- Transliteration
- aethera
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 3
firmabat
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- firmo
- Transliteration
- firmabat
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 43
sursum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sursum
- Transliteration
- sursum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adverb
- Occurrences
- 28
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
librabat
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- libro
- Transliteration
- librabat
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 4
fontes
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- fons
- Transliteration
- fontes
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 95
aquarum
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- aqua
- Transliteration
- aquarum
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 692