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Young's Literal Translation

Isaiah 44

Young's Literal Translation, Verse 4

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⁴ And they have sprung up as among grass, As willows by streams of water.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Isaiah 44:4. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 49

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וְצָמְח֖וּ בְּבֵ֣ין חָצִ֑יר כַּעֲרָבִ֖ים עַל־יִבְלֵי־מָֽיִם׃

7 word entries

וְצָמְח֖וּ

Lemma: c/6779
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential perfect 3rd person common gender plural
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H6779
Occurrences: 4

בְּבֵ֣ין

Lemma: b/996
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H996
Occurrences: 1

חָצִ֑יר

Lemma: 2682 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2682
Occurrences: 15

כַּעֲרָבִ֖ים

Lemma: k/6155
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common feminine plural absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H6155
Occurrences: 1

עַל

Lemma: 5921 a
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H5921
Occurrences: 4903

יִבְלֵי

Lemma: 2988
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2988
Occurrences: 2

מָֽיִם

Lemma: 4325
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H4325
Occurrences: 325

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

καὶ ἀνατελοῦσιν ὡς ἀναμέσον ὕδατος χόρτος, καὶ ὡς ἰτέα ἐπὶ παραῤῥέον ὕδωρ.

12 word entries

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἀνατελοῦσιν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἀνατελοῦσιν
Transliteration: anateloysin
Morphology: verb, present/future active indicative, 3rd plural
Gloss: they ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ὡς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὡς
Transliteration: hos
Morphology: comparative conjunction/adverb
Gloss: as, like, when
Part of Speech: conjunction/adverb
Definition: Comparative or temporal conjunction/adverb.
Occurrences: 1899

ἀναμέσον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀναμέσον
Transliteration: anameson
Morphology: adverb/preposition
Gloss: between, in the midst
Part of Speech: adverb/preposition
Definition: Between or in the midst of.
Occurrences: 263

ὕδατος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὕδωρ
Transliteration: hydor
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: water
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Water.
Occurrences: 629

χόρτος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: χόρτος
Transliteration: chortos
Morphology: nominative masculine singular or genitive neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 17

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ὡς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὡς
Transliteration: hos
Morphology: comparative conjunction/adverb
Gloss: as, like, when
Part of Speech: conjunction/adverb
Definition: Comparative or temporal conjunction/adverb.
Occurrences: 1899

ἰτέα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἰτέα
Transliteration: itea
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ἐπὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐπί
Transliteration: epi
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, over, against
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of the preposition ἐπί.
Occurrences: 6685

παραῤῥέον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: παραῤῥέον
Transliteration: paraeon
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ὕδωρ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὕδωρ
Transliteration: hydor
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: water
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Water.
Occurrences: 629

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܢܐܥܘܢ ܡܢ ܒܝܢܬ ܥܡܝܪܐ ܐܝܟ ܥܪ̈ܒܐ ܕܥܠ ܬ̈ܦܐ ܕܡ̈ܝܐ

9 word entries

ܘܢܐܥܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܢܐܥܘܢ
Transliteration: wn''wn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 3

ܡܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܢ
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5552

ܒܝܢܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܝܢܬ
Transliteration: bynt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 49

ܥܡܝܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܡܝܪܐ
Transliteration: 'myr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 17

ܐܝܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܝܟ
Transliteration: 'yk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2051

ܥܪ̈ܒܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܪܒܐ
Transliteration: 'rb'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 6

ܕܥܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܥܠ
Transliteration: d'l
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 119

ܬ̈ܦܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܬܦܐ
Transliteration: tp'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 8

ܕܡ̈ܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܡܝܐ
Transliteration: dmy'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 83

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וְיִתְרַבּוּן צַדִיקַיָא רַכִּיכִין וּמְפַנְקִין כְּלַבְלַבֵי עֲסַב כְּאִילָן דִמְשַׁלַח שָׁרְשׁוֹהִי עַל נַגְדִין דְמַיִין׃

12 word entries

וְיִתְרַבּוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יתרבון
Transliteration: wytrbwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 7

צַדִיקַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צדיקיא
Transliteration: tsdyqy'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 212

רַכִּיכִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רכיכין
Transliteration: rkykyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 4

וּמְפַנְקִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מפנקין
Transliteration: wmpnqyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

כְּלַבְלַבֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: לבלבי
Transliteration: klblby
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

עֲסַב

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עסב
Transliteration: 'sb
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

כְּאִילָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אילן
Transliteration: k'yln
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 43

דִמְשַׁלַח

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: משלח
Transliteration: dmshlch
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 13

שָׁרְשׁוֹהִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שרשוהי
Transliteration: shrshwhy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 8

עַל

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: על
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, against, concerning
Occurrences: 3568

נַגְדִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נגדין
Transliteration: ngdyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 22

דְמַיִין׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מיין
Transliteration: dmyyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 18

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

et germinabunt inter herbas, quasi salices juxta præterfluentes aquas.

9 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

germinabunt

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: germino
Transliteration: germinabunt
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 47

inter

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: inter
Transliteration: inter
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 502

herbas

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: herba
Transliteration: herbas
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 49

quasi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quasi
Transliteration: quasi
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 989

salices

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: salix
Transliteration: salices
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 5

iuxta

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: iuxta
Transliteration: iuxta
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 593

praeterfluentes

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: praeterfluo
Transliteration: praeterfluentes
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 1

aquas

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: aqua
Transliteration: aquas
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 692

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Isaiah 44

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Isaiah 58:11

Psalms 1:3

Ezekiel 17:5

Acts 4:4

Acts 5:14

Isaiah 61:11

Leviticus 23:40

Job 40:22