Hosea 8

Young's Literal Translation, Verse 9

Show original chapter

⁹ For they — they have gone up [to] Asshur, A wild ass alone by himself [is] Ephraim, They have hired lovers!

Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Hosea 8:9. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 59

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

כִּֽי־הֵ֙מָּה֙ עָל֣וּ אַשּׁ֔וּר פֶּ֖רֶא בּוֹדֵ֣ד ל֑וֹ אֶפְרַ֖יִם הִתְנ֥וּ אֲהָבִֽים

10 word entries

כִּֽי

Lemma: 3588 a
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H3588
Occurrences: 4218

הֵ֨מָּה֙

Lemma: 1992
Morphology: Hebrew: pronoun
Part of Speech: pronoun
Strong's: H1992
Occurrences: 395

עָל֣וּ

Lemma: 5927
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 3rd person common gender plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5927
Occurrences: 451

אַשּׁ֔וּר

Lemma: 804
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H804
Occurrences: 137

פֶּ֖רֶא

Lemma: 6501
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6501
Occurrences: 9

בּוֹדֵ֣ד

Lemma: 909
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H909
Occurrences: 4

ל֑וֹ

Lemma: l
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Occurrences: 4413

אֶפְרַ֖יִם

Lemma: 669
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H669
Occurrences: 149

הִתְנ֥וּ

Lemma: 8566
Morphology: Hebrew: verb hiphil perfect 3rd person common gender plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H8566
Occurrences: 2

אֲהָבִֽים

Lemma: 158
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H158
Occurrences: 2

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

ὅτι αὐτοὶ ἀνέβησαν εἰς Ἀσσυρίους· ἀνέθαλε καθʼ ἑαυτὸν Ἐφραίμ· δῶρα ἠγάπησαν,

11 word entries

ὅτι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅτι
Transliteration: hoti
Morphology: subordinating conjunction
Gloss: that, because, for
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Conjunction introducing cause, content, or explanation.
Occurrences: 3703

αὐτοὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ἀνέβησαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀναβαίνω
Transliteration: anebesan
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural
Gloss: they went up
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To go up, ascend, or come up.
Occurrences: 296

εἰς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰς
Transliteration: eis
Morphology: preposition with accusative
Gloss: into, to, for
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
Occurrences: 6787

Ἀσσυρίους

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἀσσυρίους
Transliteration: assyrioys
Morphology: accusative plural masculine or genitive singular neuter pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 14

ἀνέθαλε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἀνέθαλε
Transliteration: anethale
Morphology: verb, aorist/imperfect active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

καθʼ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κατά
Transliteration: kath
Morphology: preposition, elided form
Gloss: according to, against, down
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of κατά.
Occurrences: 1973

ἑαυτὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἑαυτοῦ
Transliteration: heautou
Morphology: reflexive pronoun, genitive masculine/neuter singular
Gloss: of himself, his own
Part of Speech: reflexive pronoun
Definition: Reflexive pronoun himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Occurrences: 462

Ἐφραίμ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: Ἐφραίμ
Transliteration: ephraim
Morphology: proper noun, likely indeclinable or context-dependent inflected form
Gloss: Ἐφραίμ
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Ephraim.
Occurrences: 177

δῶρα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δῶρον
Transliteration: doron
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: gift, offering
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Gift or offering.
Occurrences: 141

ἠγάπησαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἠγάπησαν
Transliteration: egapesan
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural pattern
Gloss: they ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 8

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܡܛܠ ܕܗܢܘܢ ܣܠܩܘ ܠܐܬܘܪ ܐܝܟ ܥܪܕܐ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܡܘܗܒܬܐ ܪܚܡ

10 word entries

ܡܛܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܛܠ
Transliteration: mtl
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2606

ܕܗܢܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܗܢܘܢ
Transliteration: dhnwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 56

ܣܠܩܘ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܣܠܩܘ
Transliteration: slqw
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 18

ܠܐܬܘܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܐܬܘܪ
Transliteration: l'twr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 11

ܐܝܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܝܟ
Transliteration: 'yk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2051

ܥܪܕܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܪܕܐ
Transliteration: 'rd'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 7

ܝܚܝܕܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܝܚܝܕܝܐ
Transliteration: yhydy'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 5

ܐܦܪܝܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܦܪܝܡ
Transliteration: 'prym
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 63

ܡܘܗܒܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܘܗܒܬܐ
Transliteration: mwhbt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 39

ܪܚܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܪܚܡ
Transliteration: rhm
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 38

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

אֲרֵי אִינוּן גְלוֹ לְאַתּוּר עַל דַהֲלִיכוּ בִרְעוּת נַפְשְׁהוֹן כָּעֲרָד מָרוֹד בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל אִתְמְסַרוּ בְּיַד עַמְמַיָא דִרְחִימוּ׃

16 word entries

אֲרֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ארי
Transliteration: 'ry
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1969

אִינוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אינון
Transliteration: 'ynwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 449

גְלוֹ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גלו
Transliteration: glw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 54

לְאַתּוּר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אתור
Transliteration: l'twr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 124

עַל

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: על
Transliteration: 'l
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: on, upon, against, concerning
Occurrences: 3568

דַהֲלִיכוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הליכו
Transliteration: dhlykw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 42

בִרְעוּת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רעות
Transliteration: br'wt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 27

נַפְשְׁהוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נפשהון
Transliteration: npshhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 32

כָּעֲרָד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ערד
Transliteration: k'rd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 4

מָרוֹד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רוד
Transliteration: mrwd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 4

בֵּית

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: בית
Transliteration: byt
Morphology: noun construct/absolute
Gloss: house, household
Occurrences: 2611

יִשְׂרָאֵל

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: ישראל
Transliteration: yshr'l
Morphology: proper noun
Gloss: Israel
Occurrences: 2312

אִתְמְסַרוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אתמסרו
Transliteration: 'tmsrw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 13

בְּיַד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ביד
Transliteration: byd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 191

עַמְמַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עממיא
Transliteration: 'mmy'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 635

דִרְחִימוּ׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רחימו
Transliteration: drchymw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 6

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Quia ipsi ascenderunt ad Assur, onager solitarius sibi; Ephraim munera dederunt amatoribus.

12 word entries

quia

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quia
Transliteration: quia
Morphology: GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 2543

ipsi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ipse
Transliteration: ipsi
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 2134

ascenderunt

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ascendo
Transliteration: ascenderunt
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 671

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ad
Transliteration: ad
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 7531

Assur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: assur
Transliteration: Assur
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 26

onager

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: onager
Transliteration: onager
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 10

solitarius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: solitarius
Transliteration: solitarius
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 5

sibi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sui
Transliteration: sibi
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 1317

Ephraim

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Ephraim
Transliteration: Ephraim
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 136

munera

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: munus
Transliteration: munera
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 118

dederunt

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: do
Transliteration: dederunt
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 2116

amatoribus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: amator
Transliteration: amatoribus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 24

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Jeremiah 2:24

A wild ass accustomed to a wilderness, In the desire of her soul she hath swallowed up wind, Her meeting — who doth turn her back? None seeking her do weary themselves, In her month they find her.

8 relevance votes

Hosea 5:13

And see doth Ephraim his sickness, and Judah his wound, And Ephraim goeth unto Asshur, And sendeth unto a warlike king, And he is not able to give healing to you, Nor doth he remove from you a scar.

4 relevance votes

Hosea 7:11

And Ephraim is as a simple dove without heart, Egypt they called on — [to] Asshur they have gone.

4 relevance votes

Isaiah 30:6

The burden of the beasts of the south. Into a land of adversity and distress, Of young lion and of old lion, Whence [are] viper and flying saraph, They carry on the shoulder of asses their wealth, And on the hump of camels their treasures, Unto a people not profitable.

3 relevance votes

Previous Chapter Previous Verse

Chapter 8 · 8 of 14 available Verse 9 of 14

Next Chapter Next Verse

Hosea 8

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Jeremiah 2:24

Hosea 5:13

Hosea 7:11

Isaiah 30:6

2 Kings 15:19

Hosea 12:1

Hosea 2:10