16 the people who sat in darkness saw a great light; to those who sat in the region and shadow of death, to them light has dawned.”
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Matthew 4:16. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
4
Word Entries
73
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Greek Textus Receptus
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament
Greek New Testament source layer with imported morphology.
ὁ λαὸς ὁ καθήμενος ἐν σκότει εἶδε φῶς μέγα, καὶ τοῖς καθημένοις ἐν χώρᾳ καὶ σκιᾷ θανάτου, φῶς ἀνέτειλεν αὐτοῖς.
20 word entries
ὁ
λαὸς
ὁ
καθήμενος
ἐν
σκότει
εἶδε
φῶς
μέγα
καὶ
τοῖς
καθημένοις
- Lemma
- kaqhmenoiv
- Transliteration
- kaqhmenoiv
- Morphology
- Greek: verb present middle/passive deponent participle dative plural masculine
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Strong's
- G2521
- Occurrences
- 4
ἐν
χώρᾳ
καὶ
σκιᾷ
θανάτου
φῶς
ἀνέτειλεν
Tischendorf / Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament sample / proof panel
Proof-of-flow source panel, not full coverage.
ὁ λαὸς ὁ καθήμενος ἐν σκότει φῶς εἶδεν μέγα, καὶ τοῖς καθημένοις ἐν χώρᾳ καὶ σκιᾷ θανάτου φῶς ἀνέτειλεν αὐτοῖς.
20 word entries
ὁ
ὁ
ἐν
καὶ
τοῖς
ἐν
καὶ
Syriac Peshitta New Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: New Testament
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܥܡܐ ܕܝܬܒ ܒܚܫܘܟܐ ܢܘܗܪܐ ܪܒܐ ܚܙܐ ܘܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܝܬܒܝܢ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܘܒܛܠܠܐ ܕܡܘܬܐ ܢܘܗܪܐ ܕܢܚ ܠܗܘܢ
14 word entries
ܥܡܐ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܥܡܐ
- Transliteration
- amma
- Morphology
- noun, masculine emphatic singular
- Gloss
- people, nation
- Occurrences
- 96
ܕܝܬܒ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܝܬܒ
- Transliteration
- dytb
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 23
ܒܚܫܘܟܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܚܫܘܟܐ
- Transliteration
- bhshwk'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 11
ܢܘܗܪܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܢܘܗܪܐ
- Transliteration
- nwhr'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 32
ܪܒܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܪܒܐ
- Transliteration
- rb'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 108
ܚܙܐ
- Confidence
- medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
- Lemma
- ܚܙܐ
- Transliteration
- hza
- Morphology
- verb root/form
- Gloss
- saw
- Occurrences
- 101
ܘܐܝܠܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܐܝܠܝܢ
- Transliteration
- w'ylyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 57
ܕܝܬܒܝܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܝܬܒܝܢ
- Transliteration
- dytbyn
- Morphology
- possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 12
ܒܐܬܪܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܐܬܪܐ
- Transliteration
- b'tr'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 10
ܘܒܛܠܠܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܒܛܠܠܐ
- Transliteration
- wbtll'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 2
ܕܡܘܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܡܘܬܐ
- Transliteration
- dmwt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 38
ܢܘܗܪܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܢܘܗܪܐ
- Transliteration
- nwhr'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 32
ܕܢܚ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܢܚ
- Transliteration
- dnh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 7
ܠܗܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܗܘܢ
- Transliteration
- lhwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 830
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
populus, qui sedebat in tenebris, vidit lucem magnam: et sedentibus in regione umbræ mortis, lux orta est eis.]
19 word entries
populus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- populus
- Transliteration
- populus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 2030
qui
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- qui
- Transliteration
- qui
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 15011
sedebat
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sedeo
- Transliteration
- sedebat
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 422
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
tenebris
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- tenebrae
- Transliteration
- tenebris
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 162
lucem
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- lux
- Transliteration
- lucem
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 154
vidit
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uideo
- Transliteration
- vidit
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 1988
magnam
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- magnus
- Transliteration
- magnam
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 1017
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
sedentibus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sedeo
- Transliteration
- sedentibus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 422
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
regione
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- regio
- Transliteration
- regione
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 261
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
umbra
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- umbra
- Transliteration
- umbra
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 65
mortis
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- mors
- Transliteration
- mortis
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 408
lux
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- lux
- Transliteration
- lux
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 154
orta
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- orior
- Transliteration
- orta
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 145
est
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sum
- Transliteration
- est
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 20614
eis
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- is
- Transliteration
- eis
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 17810
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Isaiah 9:2
The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light. The light has shined on those who lived in the land of the shadow of death.
52 relevance votesMicah 7:8
Don’t rejoice against me, my enemy. When I fall, I will arise. When I sit in darkness, the LORD will be a light to me.
16 relevance votesLuke 2:32
a light for revelation to the nations, and the glory of your people Israel.”
14 relevance votesAmos 5:8
Seek him who made the Pleiades and Orion, and turns the shadow of death into the morning, and makes the day dark with night; who calls for the waters of the sea, and pours them out on the surface of the earth, the LORD is his name,
10 relevance votesJob 34:22
There is no darkness, nor thick gloom, where the workers of iniquity may hide themselves.
9 relevance votesJob 10:22
the land dark as midnight, of the shadow of death, without any order, where the light is as midnight.’”
8 relevance votesJeremiah 13:16
Give glory to the LORD your God, before he causes darkness, and before your feet stumble on the dark mountains, and while you look for light, he turns it into the shadow of death, and makes it deep darkness.
8 relevance votesJob 3:5
Let darkness and the shadow of death claim it for their own. Let a cloud dwell on it. Let all that makes the day black terrify it.
8 relevance votesPsalms 44:19
though you have crushed us in the haunt of jackals, and covered us with the shadow of death.
7 relevance votes