Hosea 12

World Messianic Bible, Verse 4

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⁴ Indeed, he struggled with the angel, and prevailed; he wept, and made supplication to him. He found him at Bethel, and there he spoke with us—

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Hosea 12:4. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 67

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

בַּבֶּ֖טֶן עָקַ֣ב אֶת־אָחִ֑יו וּבְאוֹנ֖וֹ שָׂרָ֥ה אֶת־אֱלֹהִֽים׃

8 word entries

בַּבֶּ֖טֶן

Lemma: b/990
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H990
Occurrences: 11

עָקַ֣ב

Lemma: 6117
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H6117
Occurrences: 4

אֶת

Lemma: 853
Morphology: Hebrew: particle direct object marker
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H853
Occurrences: 8730

אָחִ֑יו

Lemma: 251
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H251
Occurrences: 455

וּבְאוֹנ֖וֹ

Lemma: c/b/202
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + preposition + noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H202
Occurrences: 1

שָׂרָ֥ה

Lemma: 8280
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H8280
Occurrences: 2

אֶת

Lemma: 854
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H854
Occurrences: 674

אֱלֹהִֽים

Lemma: 430
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H430
Occurrences: 1993

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ἐν τῇ κοιλίᾳ ἐπτέρνισε τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐν κόποις αὐτοῦ ἐνίσχυσε πρὸς Θεόν.

14 word entries

Ἐν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐν
Transliteration: en
Morphology: preposition with dative
Gloss: in, among, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's: G1722
Occurrences: 13086

τῇ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

κοιλίᾳ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: κοιλίᾳ
Transliteration: koilia
Morphology: dative singular feminine pattern
Gloss: to/for ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 14

ἐπτέρνισε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐπτέρνισε
Transliteration: epternise
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

τὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἀδελφὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀδελφός
Transliteration: adelphos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: brother
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Brother, kinsman, or member of a people.
Occurrences: 739

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἐν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐν
Transliteration: en
Morphology: preposition with dative
Gloss: in, among, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's: G1722
Occurrences: 13086

κόποις

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: κόποις
Transliteration: kopois
Morphology: dative plural masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: to/for ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ἐνίσχυσε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐνίσχυσε
Transliteration: enischyse
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular pattern
Gloss: he/she ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 6

πρὸς

Status: Machine-aligned lexicon entry
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Aligned to an existing lexicon entry but not manually reviewed for this LXX verse.
Note: Machine-aligned to an existing lexicon entry. Verify against the source before treating as hand-curated.
Lemma: πρὸς
Transliteration: pros
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: with/toward
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: with/toward
Strong's: G4314
Occurrences: 3989

Θεόν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: θεός
Transliteration: theon
Morphology: noun, masculine accusative singular
Gloss: God, god
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: God, deity, or divine being.
Strong's: G2316
Occurrences: 3522

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܒܡܪܒܥܐ ܓܝܪ ܢܟܠ ܠܐܚܘܗܝ ܘܒܥܘܫܢܗ ܐܬܪܘܪܒ ܩܕܡ ܐܠܗܐ

8 word entries

ܒܡܪܒܥܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܡܪܒܥܐ
Transliteration: bmrb''
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 7

ܓܝܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܓܝܪ
Transliteration: gyr
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 455

ܢܟܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܟܠ
Transliteration: nkl
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2

ܠܐܚܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܐܚܘܗܝ
Transliteration: l'hwhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 18

ܘܒܥܘܫܢܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܒܥܘܫܢܗ
Transliteration: wb'wshnh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 3

ܐܬܪܘܪܒ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܬܪܘܪܒ
Transliteration: 'trwrb
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 1

ܩܕܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܩܕܡ
Transliteration: qdm
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 1019

ܐܠܗܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܐܠܗܐ
Transliteration: alaha
Morphology: noun, masculine emphatic singular
Gloss: God
Occurrences: 940

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

נְבִיָא אֱמַר לְהוֹן הֲלָא יַעֲקֹב עַד דְלָא אִתְיְלִיד אֲמִיר דְיִסְגֵי מִן אֲחוּהִי וּבְתוּקְפֵיהּ אִתְרַבְרַב עִם מַלְאָכָא׃

16 word entries

נְבִיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נביא
Transliteration: nby'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 422

אֱמַר

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: אמר
Transliteration: 'mr
Morphology: verbal root אמר, speech/action form
Gloss: said, spoke
Occurrences: 3728

לְהוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הון
Transliteration: lhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1262

הֲלָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הלא
Transliteration: hl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 287

יַעֲקֹב

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יעקב
Transliteration: y'qb
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 169

עַד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עד
Transliteration: 'd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 885

דְלָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דלא
Transliteration: dl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 607

אִתְיְלִיד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אתיליד
Transliteration: 'tylyd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 18

אֲמִיר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אמיר
Transliteration: 'myr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 15

דְיִסְגֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יסגי
Transliteration: dysgy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 21

מִן

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מן
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, out of, than
Occurrences: 2836

אֲחוּהִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אחוהי
Transliteration: 'chwhy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 125

וּבְתוּקְפֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: בתוקפיה
Transliteration: wbtwqpyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

אִתְרַבְרַב

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אתרברב
Transliteration: 'trbrb
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 9

עִם

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: עם
Transliteration: 'm
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: with
Occurrences: 1754

מַלְאָכָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: לאכא
Transliteration: ml'k'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 63

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Et invaluit ad angelum, et confortatus est; flevit, et rogavit eum. In Bethel invenit eum, et ibi locutus est nobiscum.

21 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

invaluit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: inualesco
Transliteration: invaluit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 14

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ad
Transliteration: ad
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 7531

angelum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: angelus
Transliteration: angelum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 326

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

confortatus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: conforto
Transliteration: confortatus
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 101

est

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: est
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

flevit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: fleo
Transliteration: flevit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 114

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

rogavit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: rogo
Transliteration: rogavit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 162

eum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

Bethel

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Bethel
Transliteration: Bethel
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 65

invenit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: inuenio
Transliteration: invenit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 682

eum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

ibi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ibi
Transliteration: ibi
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 517

locutus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: loquor
Transliteration: locutus
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 1543

est

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: est
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

nobiscum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: nos
Transliteration: nobiscum
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 1585

{nobiscum}

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: cum
Transliteration: {nobiscum}
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 5272

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Hosea 12

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

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