23 Gaius my host, and of the whole church, saluteth you. Erastus the chamberlain of the city saluteth you, and Quartus a brother.
Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Romans 16:23. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
4
Word Entries
71
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Greek Textus Receptus
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament
Greek New Testament source layer with imported morphology.
Ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Γάϊος ὁ ξένος μου καὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας ὅλης. Ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Ἔραστος ὁ οἰκονόμος τῆς πόλεως, καὶ Κούαρτος ὁ ἀδελφός.
21 word entries
Ἀσπάζεται
ὑμᾶς
Γάϊος
ὁ
ξένος
μου
καὶ
τῆς
ἐκκλησίας
ὅλης
Ἀσπάζεται
ὑμᾶς
Ἔραστος
ὁ
οἰκονόμος
τῆς
πόλεως
καὶ
Κούαρτος
ὁ
Tischendorf / Westcott-Hort Greek New Testament
Greek · Greek New Testament · Public Domain
Coverage: New Testament sample / proof panel
Proof-of-flow source panel, not full coverage.
ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Γάϊος ὁ ξένος μου καὶ ὅλης τῆς ἐκκλησίας. ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς Ἔραστος ὁ οἰκονόμος τῆς πόλεως καὶ Κούαρτος ὁ ἀδελφός.
21 word entries
ὁ
καὶ
τῆς
ὁ
τῆς
καὶ
ὁ
Syriac Peshitta New Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: New Testament
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܫܐܠ ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ ܓܐܝܘܣ ܡܩܒܠܢܝ ܘܕܟܠܗ ܥܕܬܐ ܫܐܠ ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ ܐܪܣܛܘܣ ܪܒܝܬܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܘܩܘܐܪܛܘܣ ܐܚܐ
13 word entries
ܫܐܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܫܐܠ
- Transliteration
- sh'l
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 18
ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ
- Transliteration
- bshlmkwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 15
ܓܐܝܘܣ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܓܐܝܘܣ
- Transliteration
- g'yws
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 1
ܡܩܒܠܢܝ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܡܩܒܠܢܝ
- Transliteration
- mqblny
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 1
ܘܕܟܠܗ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܕܟܠܗ
- Transliteration
- wdklh
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 2
ܥܕܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܥܕܬܐ
- Transliteration
- 'dt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 43
ܫܐܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܫܐܠ
- Transliteration
- sh'l
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 18
ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܒܫܠܡܟܘܢ
- Transliteration
- bshlmkwn
- Morphology
- possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending; possible prefixed preposition b-
- Occurrences
- 15
ܐܪܣܛܘܣ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܪܣܛܘܣ
- Transliteration
- 'rstws
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 2
ܪܒܝܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܪܒܝܬܐ
- Transliteration
- rbyt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 6
ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ
- Transliteration
- dmdynt'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
- Occurrences
- 20
ܘܩܘܐܪܛܘܣ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܩܘܐܪܛܘܣ
- Transliteration
- wqw'rtws
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 1
ܐܚܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܐܚܐ
- Transliteration
- 'h'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 63
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
Salutat vos Cajus hospes meus, et universa ecclesia. Salutat vos Erastus arcarius civitatis, et Quartus, frater.
16 word entries
salutat
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- saluto
- Transliteration
- salutat
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 76
vos
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uos
- Transliteration
- vos
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 2958
Gaius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Gaius
- Transliteration
- Gaius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 5
hospes
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- hospes
- Transliteration
- hospes
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 12
meus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- meus
- Transliteration
- meus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 4586
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
universae
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uniuersus
- Transliteration
- universae
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 889
ecclesiae
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ecclesia
- Transliteration
- ecclesiae
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 163
salutat
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- saluto
- Transliteration
- salutat
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 76
vos
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- uos
- Transliteration
- vos
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: pronoun
- Occurrences
- 2958
Erastus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Erastus
- Transliteration
- Erastus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 3
arcarius
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- arcarius
- Transliteration
- arcarius
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 1
civitatis
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ciuitas
- Transliteration
- civitatis
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 1108
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
Quartus
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- quartus
- Transliteration
- Quartus
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 92
frater
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- frater
- Transliteration
- frater
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 1060
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
1 Corinthians 1:14
I thank God that I baptized none of you, but Crispus and Gaius;
6 relevance votesActs 19:22
So he sent into Macedonia two of them that ministered to him, Timothy and Erastus; but he himself stayed in Asia for a season.
6 relevance votes2 Timothy 4:20
Erastus abode at Corinth: but Trophimus I have left at Miletum sick.
3 relevance votesActs 20:4
And there accompanied him into Asia Sopater of Berea; and of the Thessalonians, Aristarchus and Secundus; and Gaius of Derbe, and Timothy; and of Asia, Tychicus, and Trophimus.
2 relevance votesActs 19:29
And the whole city was filled with confusion: and having caught Gaius and Aristarchus, men of Macedonia, Paul's companions in travel, they rushed with one accord into the theater.
2 relevance votes