Joshua 4

Webster's Bible, Verse 2

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² Take you twelve men from the people, from every tribe a man,

Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Joshua 4:2. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 51

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

קְח֤וּ לָכֶם֙ מִן־הָעָ֔ם שְׁנֵ֥ים עָשָׂ֖ר אֲנָשִׁ֑ים אִישׁ־אֶחָ֥ד אִישׁ־אֶחָ֖ד מִשָּֽׁבֶט׃

12 word entries

קְח֤וּ

Lemma: 3947
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperative 2rd person masculine plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H3947
Occurrences: 420

לָכֶם֙

Lemma: l
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Occurrences: 4413

מִן

Lemma: 4480 a
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H4480
Occurrences: 1059

הָעָ֔ם

Lemma: d/5971 a
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H5971
Occurrences: 815

שְׁנֵ֥ים

Lemma: 8147
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H8147
Occurrences: 536

עָשָׂ֖ר

Lemma: 6240
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H6240
Occurrences: 336

אֲנָשִׁ֑ים

Lemma: 376
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H376
Occurrences: 1458

אִישׁ

Lemma: 376
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H376
Occurrences: 1458

אֶחָ֥ד

Lemma: 259
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H259
Occurrences: 678

אִישׁ

Lemma: 376
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H376
Occurrences: 1458

אֶחָ֖ד

Lemma: 259
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H259
Occurrences: 678

מִשָּֽׁבֶט

Lemma: m/7626
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H7626
Occurrences: 4

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

ταραλαβὼν ἄνδρας ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ, ἕνα ἀφʼ ἑκάστης φυλῆς,

9 word entries

ταραλαβὼν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ταραλαβὼν
Transliteration: taralabon
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ἄνδρας

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀνήρ
Transliteration: andras
Morphology: noun, masculine accusative plural
Gloss: men
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Man, male, husband.
Occurrences: 1573

ἀπὸ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀπό
Transliteration: apo
Morphology: preposition with genitive
Gloss: from, away from
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of ἀπό.
Occurrences: 3869

τοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

λαοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: λαός
Transliteration: laos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: people
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: People, nation, or community.
Occurrences: 1841

ἕνα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἷς
Transliteration: heis
Morphology: numeral/adjective, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: one
Part of Speech: numeral/adjective
Definition: One, a single one.
Occurrences: 785

ἀφʼ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀπό
Transliteration: aph
Morphology: preposition with genitive, elided form
Gloss: from, away from
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of ἀπό.
Occurrences: 3869

ἑκάστης

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἑκάστης
Transliteration: ekastes
Morphology: genitive singular feminine or nominative masculine pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 6

φυλῆς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: φυλή
Transliteration: phyles
Morphology: noun, feminine genitive singular
Gloss: of a tribe
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Tribe, clan, or people-group.
Occurrences: 251

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܕܒܪܘ ܠܟܘܢ ܡܢ ܥܡܐ ܬܪܥܣܪ ܓܒܪ̈ܝܢ ܚܕ ܚܕ ܓܒܪܐ ܡܢ ܫܒܛܐ

11 word entries

ܕܒܪܘ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: DBRW
Morphology: !!DBR[W:d
Occurrences: 0

ܠܟܘܢ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: LKWN
Morphology: L-KWN
Occurrences: 0

ܡܢ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: MN
Morphology: MN
Occurrences: 0

ܥܡܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: <M>
Morphology: <M=/~>
Occurrences: 0

ܬܪܥܣܪ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: TR<SR
Morphology: TR/(J=-<SR/
Occurrences: 0

ܓܒܪ̈ܝܢ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: GBR"JN
Morphology: GBR/JN
Occurrences: 0

ܚܕ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: XD
Morphology: XD/
Occurrences: 0

ܚܕ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: XD
Morphology: XD/
Occurrences: 0

ܓܒܪܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: GBR>
Morphology: GBR/~>
Occurrences: 0

ܡܢ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: MN
Morphology: MN
Occurrences: 0

ܫܒܛܐ

Confidence: medium Apache-2.0 OpenSSI Syriac parser output
Note: OpenSSI morphology candidate mapped by book/chapter/verse and token position. Review before labeling as hand-verified scholarship.
Transliteration: CBV>
Morphology: CBV/~>
Occurrences: 0

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

דַבָּרוּ לְכוֹן מִן עַמָא תְּרֵי עֲסַר גַבְרִין גַבְרָא חָד גַבְרָא חָד מִשִׁבְטָא׃

12 word entries

דַבָּרוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ברו
Transliteration: dbrw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 5

לְכוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: כון
Transliteration: lkwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 384

מִן

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: מן
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: from, out of, than
Occurrences: 2836

עַמָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: עם
Transliteration: 'm'
Morphology: noun masculine singular emphatic
Gloss: people
Occurrences: 1754

תְּרֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תרי
Transliteration: try
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 57

עֲסַר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עסר
Transliteration: 'sr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 91

גַבְרִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גברין
Transliteration: gbryn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 129

גַבְרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גברא
Transliteration: gbr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 524

חָד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חד
Transliteration: chd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 373

גַבְרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גברא
Transliteration: gbr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 524

חָד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חד
Transliteration: chd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 373

מִשִׁבְטָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שבטא
Transliteration: mshbt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 340

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Elige duodecim viros singulos per singulas tribus:

7 word entries

elige

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: eligo
Transliteration: elige
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 325

duodecim

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: duodecim
Transliteration: duodecim
Morphology: GreLa POS: numeral
Occurrences: 188

viros

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uir
Transliteration: viros
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1641

singulos

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: singulus
Transliteration: singulos
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 357

per

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: per
Transliteration: per
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 1915

singulas

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: singulus
Transliteration: singulas
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 357

tribus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tres
Transliteration: tribus
Morphology: GreLa POS: numeral
Occurrences: 502

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Joshua 4

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Joshua 3:12

Numbers 13:2

1 Kings 18:31

Numbers 34:18

Deuteronomy 1:23