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World English Bible

Nahum 3

World English Bible, Verse 1

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¹ Woe to the bloody city! It is all full of lies and robbery—no end to the prey.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Nahum 3:1. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 54

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

ה֖וֹי עִ֣יר דָּמִ֑ים כֻּלָּ֗הּ כַּ֤חַשׁ פֶּ֙רֶק֙ מְלֵאָ֔ה לֹ֥א יָמִ֖ישׁ טָֽרֶף׃

10 word entries

ה֖וֹי

Lemma: 1945
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H1945
Occurrences: 48

עִ֣יר

Lemma: 5892 b
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5892
Occurrences: 377

דָּמִ֑ים

Lemma: 1818
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H1818
Occurrences: 169

כֻּלָּ֗הּ

Lemma: 3605
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3605
Occurrences: 3268

כַּ֤חַשׁ

Lemma: 3585
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3585
Occurrences: 3

פֶּ֨רֶק֙

Lemma: 6563
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H6563
Occurrences: 1

מְלֵאָ֔ה

Lemma: 4395
Morphology: Hebrew: adjective
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H4395
Occurrences: 5

לֹ֥א

Lemma: 3808
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H3808
Occurrences: 3277

יָמִ֖ישׁ

Lemma: 4185
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H4185
Occurrences: 19

טָֽרֶף

Lemma: 2964
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: adjective
Strong's: H2964
Occurrences: 19

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Ὦ πόλις αἱμάτων, ὅλη ψευδὴς, ἀδικίας πλήρης, οὐ ψηλαφηθήσεται θήρα.

10 word entries

Ὦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ὦ
Transliteration: ὦ
Morphology: 1st singular verb or contracted noun/adjective form depending on context
Gloss: I ...
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 32

πόλις

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πόλις
Transliteration: polis
Morphology: noun, feminine nominative singular
Gloss: city
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: City or town.
Occurrences: 1387

αἱμάτων

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: αἱμάτων
Transliteration: aimaton
Morphology: Greek -ων form; often genitive plural noun/adjective or nominative masculine participle
Gloss: of ... / being ...
Part of Speech: participle/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 22

ὅλη

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ὅλη
Transliteration: ole
Morphology: nominative feminine singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 9

ψευδὴς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ψευδὴς
Transliteration: pseydes
Morphology: genitive singular feminine or nominative masculine pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 12

ἀδικίας

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀδικία
Transliteration: adikias
Morphology: noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural
Gloss: injustice, unrighteousness
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Injustice, unrighteousness, wrong, or iniquity.
Occurrences: 166

πλήρης

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πλήρης
Transliteration: pleres
Morphology: adjective, nominative masculine/feminine singular
Gloss: full
Part of Speech: adjective
Definition: Full, complete, or filled.
Occurrences: 44

οὐ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὐ
Transliteration: ou
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle before rough breathing.
Occurrences: 5892

ψηλαφηθήσεται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ψηλαφηθήσεται
Transliteration: pselaphethesetai
Morphology: verb, future middle indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it will ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

θήρα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: θήρα
Transliteration: thera
Morphology: nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܝ ܠܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܕܡܐ ܕܟܠܗ̇ ܟܕܒܘܬܐ ܘܡܠܝܐ ܥܘܠܐ ܘܠܐ ܡܬܡܝܫ ܒܗ̇ ܬܒܪܐ

11 word entries

ܘܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܝ
Transliteration: wy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 71

ܠܡܕܝܢܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܡܕܝܢܬܐ
Transliteration: lmdynt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 49

ܕܕܡܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܕܡܐ
Transliteration: ddm'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 20

ܕܟܠܗ̇

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܟܠܗ
Transliteration: dklh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 41

ܟܕܒܘܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܟܕܒܘܬܐ
Transliteration: kdbwt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 10

ܘܡܠܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܡܠܝܐ
Transliteration: wmly'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 13

ܥܘܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܘܠܐ
Transliteration: 'wl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 232

ܘܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܠܐ
Transliteration: wl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1993

ܡܬܡܝܫ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܬܡܝܫ
Transliteration: mtmysh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 1

ܒܗ̇

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܗ
Transliteration: bh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 571

ܬܒܪܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܬܒܪܐ
Transliteration: tbr'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 24

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וַי קַרְתָּא אַשְׁדַת דַם כּוּלָהּ כַּדְבִין בִּזָא מִלַיָא לָא פָסִיק קְטוֹל׃

11 word entries

וַי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: וי
Transliteration: wy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 85

קַרְתָּא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קרתא
Transliteration: qrt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 512

אַשְׁדַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אשדת
Transliteration: 'shdt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 6

דַם

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דם
Transliteration: dm
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 59

כּוּלָהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ולה
Transliteration: kwlh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 8

כַּדְבִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דבין
Transliteration: kdbyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 15

בִּזָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: בזא
Transliteration: bz'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 28

מִלַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ליא
Transliteration: mly'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 42

לָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: לא
Transliteration: l'
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2611

פָסִיק

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: פסיק
Transliteration: psyq
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 12

קְטוֹל׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קטול
Transliteration: qtwl
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 64

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

[Væ civitas sanguinum, universa mendacii dilaceratione plena ! non recedet a te rapina.

12 word entries

vae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uae
Transliteration: vae
Morphology: GreLa POS: other
Occurrences: 129

civitas

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ciuitas
Transliteration: civitas
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1108

sanguinum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sanguis
Transliteration: sanguinum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 475

universa

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uniuersus
Transliteration: universa
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 889

mendacii

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: mendacium
Transliteration: mendacii
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 105

dilaceratione

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: dilaceratio
Transliteration: dilaceratione
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1

plena

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: plenus
Transliteration: plena
Morphology: GreLa POS: adjective
Occurrences: 185

non

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: non
Transliteration: non
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 7320

recedet

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: recedo
Transliteration: recedet
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 217

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ab
Transliteration: a
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Occurrences: 3693

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tu
Transliteration: te
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 4602

rapina

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: rapina
Transliteration: rapina
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 30

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Nahum 3

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Ranked cross references

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