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World English Bible

Nahum 1

World English Bible, Verse 8

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⁸ But with an overflowing flood, he will make a full end of her place, and will pursue his enemies into darkness.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Nahum 1:8. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 61

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וּבְשֶׁ֣טֶף עֹבֵ֔ר כָּלָ֖ה יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה מְקוֹמָ֑הּ וְאֹיְבָ֖יו יְרַדֶּף־חֹֽשֶׁךְ׃

8 word entries

וּבְשֶׁ֣טֶף

Lemma: c/b/7858
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + preposition + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H7858
Occurrences: 1

עֹבֵ֔ר

Lemma: 5674 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5674
Occurrences: 330

כָּלָ֖ה

Lemma: 3617
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H3617
Occurrences: 17

יַעֲשֶׂ֣ה

Lemma: 6213 a
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H6213
Occurrences: 1634

מְקוֹמָ֑הּ

Lemma: 4725
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct + suffix
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H4725
Occurrences: 117

וְאֹיְבָ֖יו

Lemma: c/341
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal participle active + suffix
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H341
Occurrences: 11

יְרַדֶּף

Lemma: 7291
Morphology: Hebrew: verb piel imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H7291
Occurrences: 73

חֹֽשֶׁךְ

Lemma: 2822
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2822
Occurrences: 49

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Καὶ ἐν κατακλυσμῷ πορείας συντέλειαν ποιήσεται, τοὺς ἐπεγειρομένους καὶ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτοῦ διώξεται σκότος.

14 word entries

Καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἐν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐν
Transliteration: en
Morphology: preposition with dative
Gloss: in, among, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's: G1722
Occurrences: 13086

κατακλυσμῷ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: κατακλυσμῷ
Transliteration: kataklysm
Morphology: 1st singular verb or contracted noun/adjective form depending on context
Gloss: I ...
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

πορείας

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: πορείας
Transliteration: poreias
Morphology: accusative plural feminine or genitive singular feminine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 9

συντέλειαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: συντέλειαν
Transliteration: synteleian
Morphology: aorist 3rd plural verb pattern or accusative feminine noun pattern depending on context
Gloss: they ... / ...
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 27

ποιήσεται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ποιήσεται
Transliteration: poiesetai
Morphology: verb, future middle indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it will ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 3

τοὺς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἐπεγειρομένους

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐπεγειρομένους
Transliteration: epegeiromenoys
Morphology: nominative masculine/feminine singular or accusative plural pattern depending on context
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

τοὺς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἐχθροὺς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐχθρός
Transliteration: echthrous
Morphology: adjective/substantive, masculine accusative plural
Gloss: enemies
Part of Speech: adjective/substantive
Definition: Enemy, hostile one, or hateful/adversarial.
Occurrences: 210

αὐτοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

διώξεται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: διώξεται
Transliteration: dioxetai
Morphology: verb, present/future middle-passive form, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 10

σκότος

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: σκότος
Transliteration: skotos
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: darkness
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Darkness.
Occurrences: 62

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܒܓܪܘܦܝܐ ܥܒܕ ܓܡܘܪܝܐ ܢܥܒܪ ܠܐܬܪܗ ܘܠܒ̈ܥܠܕܒܒܘܗܝ ܢܪܕܘܦ ܚܫܘܟܐ

8 word entries

ܘܒܓܪܘܦܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܒܓܪܘܦܝܐ
Transliteration: wbgrwpy'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܥܒܕ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܥܒܕ
Transliteration: abad
Morphology: verb root/form
Gloss: made, did, served
Occurrences: 334

ܓܡܘܪܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܓܡܘܪܝܐ
Transliteration: gmwry'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 4

ܢܥܒܪ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܥܒܪ
Transliteration: n'br
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 36

ܠܐܬܪܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܐܬܪܗ
Transliteration: l'trh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 10

ܘܠܒ̈ܥܠܕܒܒܘܗܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܠܒܥܠܕܒܒܘܗܝ
Transliteration: wlb'ldbbwhy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 5

ܢܪܕܘܦ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܢܪܕܘܦ
Transliteration: nrdwp
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 6

ܚܫܘܟܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܫܘܟܐ
Transliteration: hshwk'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 37

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וּבִרְגַז חֲסִין וּבְחֵימָא תַקִיפָא גְמִירָא יַעֲבֵּיד עִם עַמְמַיָא דְקָמוּ וְאַחֲרִיבוּ יַת בֵּית מַקְדְשָׁא דַייָ וּבַעֲלֵי דְבָבוֹהִי יִמְסַר לִגְהִינָם׃

18 word entries

וּבִרְגַז

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ברגז
Transliteration: wbrgz
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 5

חֲסִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חסין
Transliteration: chsyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 17

וּבְחֵימָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: בחימא
Transliteration: wbchym'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 2

תַקִיפָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תקיפא
Transliteration: tqyp'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 62

גְמִירָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גמירא
Transliteration: gmyr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 31

יַעֲבֵּיד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יעביד
Transliteration: y'byd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 73

עִם

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: עם
Transliteration: 'm
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: with
Occurrences: 1754

עַמְמַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עממיא
Transliteration: 'mmy'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 635

דְקָמוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קמו
Transliteration: dqmw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 77

וְאַחֲרִיבוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אחריבו
Transliteration: w'chrybw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 4

יַת

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: ית
Transliteration: yt
Morphology: accusative/direct object marker
Gloss: direct object marker
Occurrences: 4303

בֵּית

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: בית
Transliteration: byt
Morphology: noun construct/absolute
Gloss: house, household
Occurrences: 2611

מַקְדְשָׁא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קדשא
Transliteration: mqdsh'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 420

דַייָ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דיי
Transliteration: dyy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1761

וּבַעֲלֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: בעלי
Transliteration: wb'ly
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 40

דְבָבוֹהִי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: בבוהי
Transliteration: dbbwhy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 13

יִמְסַר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ימסר
Transliteration: ymsr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 14

לִגְהִינָם׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גהינם
Transliteration: lghynm
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Et in diluvio prætereunte consummationem faciet loci ejus, et inimicos ejus persequentur tenebræ.

13 word entries

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

diluvio

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: diluuium
Transliteration: diluvio
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 21

praetereunte

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: praetereo
Transliteration: praetereunte
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 71

consummationem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: consummatio
Transliteration: consummationem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 54

faciet

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: facio
Transliteration: faciet
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 4719

loci

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: locus
Transliteration: loci
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 773

eius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eius
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

inimicos

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: inimicus
Transliteration: inimicos
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 389

eius

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: is
Transliteration: eius
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 17810

persequentur

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: persequor
Transliteration: persequentur
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 182

tenebrae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tenebrae
Transliteration: tenebrae
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 162

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Nahum 1

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

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