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World English Bible

Job 41

World English Bible, Verse 28

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²⁸ The arrow can’t make him flee. Sling stones are like chaff to him.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Job 41:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 10

Word Entries 46

Editorial Notes 5

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

Shown from source reference 41:20 because this tradition numbers the passage differently.

לֹֽא־יַבְרִיחֶ֥נּוּ בֶן־קָ֑שֶׁת לְ֝קַ֗שׁ נֶהְפְּכוּ־ל֥וֹ אַבְנֵי־קָֽלַע׃

9 word entries

לֹֽא

Lemma: 3808
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H3808
Occurrences: 3277

יַבְרִיחֶ֥נּוּ

Lemma: 1272
Morphology: Hebrew: verb hiphil imperfect 3rd person masculine singular + suffix
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H1272
Occurrences: 32

בֶן

Lemma: 1121 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H1121
Occurrences: 4020

קָ֑שֶׁת

Lemma: 7198
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H7198
Occurrences: 47

לְ֝קַ֗שׁ

Lemma: l/7179
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H7179
Occurrences: 2

נֶהְפְּכוּ

Lemma: 2015
Morphology: Hebrew: verb niphal perfect 3rd person common gender plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H2015
Occurrences: 56

ל֥וֹ

Lemma: l
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Occurrences: 4413

אַבְנֵי

Lemma: 68
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine plural construct
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H68
Occurrences: 146

קָֽלַע

Lemma: 7050 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H7050
Occurrences: 3

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Shown from source reference 41:20 because this tradition numbers the passage differently.

Οὐ μὴ τρώσῃ αὐτὸν τόξον χάλκεον· ἥγηται μὲν πετροβόλον χόρτον.

10 word entries

Οὐ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὐ
Transliteration: ou
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle before rough breathing.
Occurrences: 5892

μὴ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μή
Transliteration: me
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not, lest
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Negative particle commonly used with non-indicative moods.
Occurrences: 2979

τρώσῃ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: τρώσῃ
Transliteration: trose
Morphology: subjunctive/dative singular pattern depending on context
Gloss: form requires context
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

αὐτὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

τόξον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: τόξον
Transliteration: toxon
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative singular
Gloss: bow
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Bow, either weapon or rainbow-like arc depending on context.
Occurrences: 48

χάλκεον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: χάλκεον
Transliteration: chalkeon
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

ἥγηται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἥγηται
Transliteration: egetai
Morphology: nominative plural feminine or infinitive/verb form depending on context
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/verb form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 4

μὲν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: μέν
Transliteration: men
Morphology: postpositive particle
Gloss: indeed, on the one hand
Part of Speech: particle
Definition: Postpositive particle often paired with δέ.
Occurrences: 179

πετροβόλον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: πετροβόλον
Transliteration: petrobolon
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

χόρτον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: χόρτον
Transliteration: chorton
Morphology: accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 20

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

Shown from source reference 41:20 because this tradition numbers the passage differently.

ܠܐ ܥ̇ܪܩ ܡܢ ܩܫܬܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܓ̣ܠܐ̈ ܚܫܝ̈ܒܢ ܠܗ ܟܐ̈ܦܐ ܕܩܠܥܐ

10 word entries

ܠܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܠܐ
Transliteration: la
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2566

ܥ̇ܪܩ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܪܩ
Transliteration: 'rq
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 23

ܡܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܢ
Transliteration: mn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 5552

ܩܫܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܩܫܬܐ
Transliteration: qsht'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 22

ܘܐܝܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܐܝܟ
Transliteration: w'yk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 326

ܓ̣ܠܐ̈

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܓܠܐ
Transliteration: gl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 21

ܚܫܝ̈ܒܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܫܝܒܢ
Transliteration: hshybn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2

ܠܗ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܗ
Transliteration: lh
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 2252

ܟܐ̈ܦܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܟܐܦܐ
Transliteration: k'p'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 107

ܕܩܠܥܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܩܠܥܐ
Transliteration: dql''
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 2

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

Shown from source reference 41:20 because this tradition numbers the passage differently.

לָא יְעַרְקִנֵיהּ גִרְרָא קַשְׁתָּא לְגִילֵי אִתְחֲשִׁיבוּ לֵיהּ אַבְנֵי קַלְעָא׃

9 word entries

לָא

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: לא
Transliteration: l'
Morphology: negative particle
Gloss: not
Occurrences: 2611

יְעַרְקִנֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יערקניה
Transliteration: y'rqnyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

גִרְרָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גררא
Transliteration: grr'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 4

קַשְׁתָּא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קשתא
Transliteration: qsht'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 33

לְגִילֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: גילי
Transliteration: lgyly
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

אִתְחֲשִׁיבוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אתחשיבו
Transliteration: 'tchshybw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 3

לֵיהּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: ליה
Transliteration: lyh
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1154

אַבְנֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אבני
Transliteration: 'bny
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 29

קַלְעָא׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קלעא
Transliteration: ql''
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 9

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Shown from source reference 41:20 because this tradition numbers the passage differently.

Quasi stipulam æstimabit malleum, et deridebit vibrantem hastam.

8 word entries

quasi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quasi
Transliteration: quasi
Morphology: GreLa POS: subordinating conjunction
Occurrences: 989

stipulam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: stipula
Transliteration: stipulam
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 20

aestimabit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: aestimo
Transliteration: aestimabit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 49

malleum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: malleus
Transliteration: malleum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 11

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

deridebit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: derideo
Transliteration: deridebit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 24

vibrantem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uibro
Transliteration: vibrantem
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 4

hastam

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: hasta
Transliteration: hastam
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 46

Spirit Nation Hebrew/Aramaic Alignment Note English · Hebrew / Biblical Aramaic Structure · Spirit Nation Editorial Note

Source

Coverage: Source-structure exceptions

Explains reader references where the imported tradition does not align one-to-one.

Editorial alignment note: The imported Hebrew/Biblical Aramaic package does not expose this exact reader reference as a one-to-one source row. Reader-side public-domain text for this reference: "The arrow cannot make him flee: slingstones are turned with him into stubble." This panel is a study bridge only, not a replacement for an ancient source witness.