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World English Bible

Job 15

World English Bible, Verse 28

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²⁸ He has lived in desolate cities, in houses which no one inhabited, which were ready to become heaps.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Job 15:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 57

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

וַיִּשְׁכּ֤וֹן ׀ עָ֘רִ֤ים נִכְחָד֗וֹת בָּ֭תִּים לֹא־יֵ֣שְׁבוּ לָ֑מוֹ אֲשֶׁ֖ר הִתְעַתְּד֣וּ לְגַלִּֽים׃

10 word entries

וַיִּשְׁכּ֤וֹן

Lemma: c/7931
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H7931
Occurrences: 35

עָ֘רִ֤ים

Lemma: 5892 b
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H5892
Occurrences: 377

נִכְחָד֗וֹת

Lemma: 3582
Morphology: Hebrew: verb niphal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H3582
Occurrences: 24

בָּ֭תִּים

Lemma: 1004 b
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H1004
Occurrences: 1121

לֹא

Lemma: 3808
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H3808
Occurrences: 3277

יֵ֣שְׁבוּ

Lemma: 3427
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal imperfect 3rd person masculine plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H3427
Occurrences: 600

לָ֑מוֹ

Lemma: l
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + suffix
Part of Speech: preposition
Occurrences: 4413

אֲשֶׁ֖ר

Lemma: 834 a
Morphology: Hebrew: particle relative
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H834
Occurrences: 4808

הִתְעַתְּד֣וּ

Lemma: 6257
Morphology: Hebrew: verb hithpael perfect 3rd person common gender plural
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H6257
Occurrences: 1

לְגַלִּֽים

Lemma: l/1530
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common masculine plural absolute
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H1530
Occurrences: 5

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Αὐλισθείη δὲ πόλεις ἐρήμους, εἰσέλθοι δὲ εἰς οἴκους ἀοικήτους· ἃ δὲ ἐκεῖνοι ἡτοίμασαν, ἄλλοι ἀποίσονται.

15 word entries

Αὐλισθείη

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: αὐλισθείη
Transliteration: aylistheie
Morphology: nominative feminine singular pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

πόλεις

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: πόλις
Transliteration: polis
Morphology: noun, feminine nominative singular
Gloss: city
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: City or town.
Occurrences: 1387

ἐρήμους

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐρήμους
Transliteration: eremoys
Morphology: accusative plural masculine or genitive singular neuter pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 12

εἰσέλθοι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: εἰσέλθοι
Transliteration: eiselthoi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

εἰς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: εἰς
Transliteration: eis
Morphology: preposition with accusative
Gloss: into, to, for
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
Occurrences: 6787

οἴκους

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οἶκος
Transliteration: oikos
Morphology: noun, masculine nominative singular
Gloss: house, household
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: House, household, or temple.
Occurrences: 1831

ἀοικήτους

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἀοικήτους
Transliteration: aoiketoys
Morphology: nominative masculine/feminine singular or accusative plural pattern depending on context
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

ἃ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὅς
Transliteration: ha
Morphology: relative pronoun, nominative/accusative neuter plural
Gloss: which, things that
Part of Speech: relative pronoun
Definition: Relative pronoun who, which, that.
Occurrences: 4123

δὲ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δέ
Transliteration: de
Morphology: postpositive conjunction/particle
Gloss: but, and, now
Part of Speech: conjunction/particle
Definition: Postpositive connective conjunction.
Occurrences: 4634

ἐκεῖνοι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἐκεῖνοι
Transliteration: ekeinoi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 16

ἡτοίμασαν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἡτοίμασαν
Transliteration: etoimasan
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd plural pattern
Gloss: they ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 16

ἄλλοι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ἄλλοι
Transliteration: alloi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 7

ἀποίσονται

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἀποίσονται
Transliteration: apoisontai
Morphology: verb, future middle indicative, 3rd plural
Gloss: they will ...
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܐܘܬܒ ܩܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܚܪ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܝܬ̈ܒܢ ܘܐܬܛܝܒ ܠܩܪܒܐ

7 word entries

ܘܐܘܬܒ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܐܘܬܒ
Transliteration: w'wtb
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 14

ܩܘܪ̈ܝܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܩܘܪܝܐ
Transliteration: qwry'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 124

ܚܪ̈ܒܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܪܒܬܐ
Transliteration: hrbt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 24

ܕܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܠܐ
Transliteration: dl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 1157

ܝܬ̈ܒܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܝܬܒܢ
Transliteration: ytbn
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2

ܘܐܬܛܝܒ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܐܬܛܝܒ
Transliteration: w'ttyb
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 2

ܠܩܪܒܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܩܪܒܐ
Transliteration: lqrb'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 84

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וַעֲבַד שְׁכוּנָן בְּקִרְוִין צַדְיָן יְתֵיב בְּבָתַּיָא דְלָא יַתְבוּן לְהוֹן דִי אִתְעַתַּדוּ לִיגוֹרִין׃

12 word entries

וַעֲבַד

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: עבד
Transliteration: w'bd
Morphology: prefixed conjunction ו + verbal or nominal root עבד
Gloss: and made, did, served
Occurrences: 1208

שְׁכוּנָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: שכונן
Transliteration: shkwnn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 1

בְּקִרְוִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: קרוין
Transliteration: bqrwyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 93

צַדְיָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צדין
Transliteration: tsdyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 13

יְתֵיב

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יתיב
Transliteration: ytyb
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 232

בְּבָתַּיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: בתיא
Transliteration: bbty'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 10

דְלָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: דלא
Transliteration: dl'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 607

יַתְבוּן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יתבון
Transliteration: ytbwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 32

לְהוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הון
Transliteration: lhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1262

דִי

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: די
Transliteration: dy
Morphology: relative/genitive particle
Gloss: of, that, which
Occurrences: 1711

אִתְעַתַּדוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אתעתדו
Transliteration: 't'tdw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 8

לִיגוֹרִין׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: יגורין
Transliteration: lygwryn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

Habitavit in civitatibus desolatis, et in domibus desertis, quæ in tumulos sunt redactæ.

13 word entries

habitavit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: habito
Transliteration: habitavit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 650

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

civitatibus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: ciuitas
Transliteration: civitatibus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1108

desolatis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: desolo
Transliteration: desolatis
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 52

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

domibus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: domus
Transliteration: domibus
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 1989

desertis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: desertus
Transliteration: desertis
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 111

quae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: quae
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

tumulos

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: tumulus
Transliteration: tumulos
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 24

sunt

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: sunt
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

redactae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: redigo
Transliteration: redactae
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 38

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Job 3:14

with kings and counselors of the earth, who built up waste places for themselves;

5 relevance votes

Jeremiah 51:37

Babylon will become heaps, a dwelling place for jackals, an astonishment, and a hissing, without inhabitant.

3 relevance votes

Jeremiah 26:18

“Micah the Morashtite prophesied in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah; and he spoke to all the people of Judah, saying, ‘Yahweh of Armies says: “‘Zion will be plowed as a field, and Jerusalem will become heaps, and the mountain of the house as the high places of a forest.’

2 relevance votes

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Job 15

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

Job 3:14

Jeremiah 51:37

Jeremiah 26:18

Micah 7:18

Micah 3:12

Jeremiah 9:11

Job 18:15