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World English Bible

Isaiah 5

World English Bible, Verse 18

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¹⁸ Woe to those who draw iniquity with cords of falsehood, and wickedness as with cart rope,

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Isaiah 5:18. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 60

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

ה֛וֹי מֹשְׁכֵ֥י הֶֽעָוֺ֖ן בְּחַבְלֵ֣י הַשָּׁ֑וְא וְכַעֲב֥וֹת הָעֲגָלָ֖ה חַטָּאָֽה׃

8 word entries

ה֛וֹי

Lemma: 1945
Morphology: Hebrew: particle
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H1945
Occurrences: 48

מֹשְׁכֵ֥י

Lemma: 4900
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal participle active
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H4900
Occurrences: 24

הֶֽעָוֺ֖ן

Lemma: d/5771
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common both gender singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H5771
Occurrences: 5

בְּחַבְלֵ֣י

Lemma: b/2256 a
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun common both gender plural construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H2256
Occurrences: 12

הַשָּׁ֑וְא

Lemma: d/7723
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common masculine singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H7723
Occurrences: 2

וְכַעֲב֥וֹת

Lemma: c/k/5688
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + preposition + noun common both gender singular construct
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H5688
Occurrences: 1

הָעֲגָלָ֖ה

Lemma: d/5699
Morphology: Hebrew: particle definite article + noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: particle
Strong's: H5699
Occurrences: 10

חַטָּאָֽה

Lemma: 2403 a
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H2403
Occurrences: 1

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Οὐαὶ οἱ ἐπισπώμενοι τὰς ἁμαρτίας ὡς σχοινίῳ μακρῷ, καὶ ὡς ζυγοῦ ἱμάντι δαμάλεως τὰς ἀνομίας·

15 word entries

Οὐαὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: οὐαί
Transliteration: ouai
Morphology: interjection
Gloss: woe
Part of Speech: interjection
Definition: Interjection of grief, warning, or judgment.
Occurrences: 66

οἱ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἐπισπώμενοι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἐπισπώμενοι
Transliteration: epispomenoi
Morphology: nominative plural masculine pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 2

τὰς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἁμαρτίας

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἁμαρτία
Transliteration: hamartia
Morphology: noun, feminine nominative singular
Gloss: sin
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Sin, error, or wrongdoing.
Occurrences: 450

ὡς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὡς
Transliteration: hos
Morphology: comparative conjunction/adverb
Gloss: as, like, when
Part of Speech: conjunction/adverb
Definition: Comparative or temporal conjunction/adverb.
Occurrences: 1899

σχοινίῳ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: σχοινίῳ
Transliteration: schoinio
Morphology: dative singular masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: to/for ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

μακρῷ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: μακρῷ
Transliteration: makr
Morphology: 1st singular verb or contracted noun/adjective form depending on context
Gloss: I ...
Part of Speech: verb/noun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ὡς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὡς
Transliteration: hos
Morphology: comparative conjunction/adverb
Gloss: as, like, when
Part of Speech: conjunction/adverb
Definition: Comparative or temporal conjunction/adverb.
Occurrences: 1899

ζυγοῦ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: ζυγοῦ
Transliteration: zygoy
Morphology: genitive singular masculine/neuter pattern
Gloss: of ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective/pronoun form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 7

ἱμάντι

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: low
Confidence note: Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
Lemma: ἱμάντι
Transliteration: imanti
Morphology: dative singular or indeclinable form pattern
Gloss: ...
Part of Speech: noun/adjective form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 1

δαμάλεως

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium
Confidence note: Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
Lemma: δαμάλεως
Transliteration: damaleos
Morphology: adverbial -ως form or perfect participle pattern depending on context
Gloss: ...ly / having ...
Part of Speech: adverb/participle form
Definition: Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
Occurrences: 5

τὰς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

ἀνομίας

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀνομία
Transliteration: anomias
Morphology: noun, feminine genitive singular or accusative plural
Gloss: lawlessness, iniquity
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Lawlessness, iniquity, or transgression.
Occurrences: 169

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܘܝ ܠܕܡܘܪܟܝܢ ܚ̈ܛܗܝܗܘܢ ܐܝܟ ܚܒܠܐ ܐܪܝܟܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܥܪܩܬܐ ܕܥܓܠܬܐ ܚܛܝܬܗܘܢ

10 word entries

ܘܝ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܝ
Transliteration: wy
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 71

ܠܕܡܘܪܟܝܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܠܕܡܘܪܟܝܢ
Transliteration: ldmwrkyn
Morphology: possible plural/participle or finite verbal ending; possible prefixed preposition l-
Occurrences: 1

ܚ̈ܛܗܝܗܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܛܗܝܗܘܢ
Transliteration: hthyhwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
Occurrences: 21

ܐܝܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܝܟ
Transliteration: 'yk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 2051

ܚܒܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܒܠܐ
Transliteration: hbl'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 38

ܐܪܝܟܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܪܝܟܐ
Transliteration: 'ryk'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 2

ܘܐܝܟ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܐܝܟ
Transliteration: w'yk
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 326

ܥܪܩܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܥܪܩܬܐ
Transliteration: 'rqt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 1

ܕܥܓܠܬܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܕܥܓܠܬܐ
Transliteration: d'glt'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed relative/genitive marker d-
Occurrences: 2

ܚܛܝܬܗܘܢ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܚܛܝܬܗܘܢ
Transliteration: htythwn
Morphology: possible masculine plural or verbal/pronominal ending
Occurrences: 1

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

וַי דִמְשָׁרָן לְמֶחֱטֵי צַבְחַר נַגְדִין חוֹבִין בְּחַבְלֵי לְמָא אָזְלִין סָגָן עַד דְתַקִיפִין וְכִגְדִילַת עֶגְלְתָא חוֹבִין׃

15 word entries

וַי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: וי
Transliteration: wy
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 85

דִמְשָׁרָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: משרן
Transliteration: dmshrn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1

לְמֶחֱטֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מחטי
Transliteration: lmchty
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 15

צַבְחַר

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: צבחר
Transliteration: tsbchr
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 8

נַגְדִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: נגדין
Transliteration: ngdyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 22

חוֹבִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חובין
Transliteration: chwbyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 55

בְּחַבְלֵי

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חבלי
Transliteration: bchbly
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

לְמָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: למא
Transliteration: lm'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 187

אָזְלִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אזלין
Transliteration: 'zlyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 72

סָגָן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: סגן
Transliteration: sgn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 16

עַד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עד
Transliteration: 'd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 885

דְתַקִיפִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תקיפין
Transliteration: dtqypyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 84

וְכִגְדִילַת

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: כגדילת
Transliteration: wkgdylt
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

עֶגְלְתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עגלתא
Transliteration: 'glt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 16

חוֹבִין׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חובין
Transliteration: chwbyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 55

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

[Væ qui trahitis iniquitatem in funiculis vanitatis, et quasi vinculum plaustri peccatum !

12 word entries

vae

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uae
Transliteration: vae
Morphology: GreLa POS: other
Occurrences: 129

qui

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: qui
Transliteration: qui
Morphology: GreLa POS: pronoun
Occurrences: 15011

trahitis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: traho
Transliteration: trahitis
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 41

iniquitatem

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: iniquitas
Transliteration: iniquitatem
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 460

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

funiculis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: funiculus
Transliteration: funiculis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 46

vanitatis

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uanitas
Transliteration: vanitatis
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 69

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

quasi

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: quasi
Transliteration: quasi
Morphology: GreLa POS: adverb
Occurrences: 989

vinculum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: uinculum
Transliteration: vinculum
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 60

plaustri

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: plaustrum
Transliteration: plaustri
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 29

peccatum

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: peccatum
Transliteration: peccatum
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 608

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

Jeremiah 23:14

In the prophets of Jerusalem I have also seen a horrible thing: they commit adultery and walk in lies. They strengthen the hands of evildoers, so that no one returns from his wickedness. They have all become to me as Sodom, and its inhabitants as Gomorrah.”

4 relevance votes

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Isaiah 5

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