28 Therefore I will profane the princes of the sanctuary; and I will make Jacob a curse, and Israel an insult.”
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Original Language
Source Text Study
Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Isaiah 43:28. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.
Panels
5
Word Entries
51
Editorial Notes
0
How to read this study data
Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.
When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.
Westminster Leningrad Codex
Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible
Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.
וַאֲחַלֵּ֖ל שָׂ֣רֵי קֹ֑דֶשׁ וְאֶתְּנָ֤ה לַחֵ֙רֶם֙ יַעֲקֹ֔ב וְיִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לְגִדּוּפִֽים׃ ס
8 word entries
וַאֲחַלֵּ֖ל
שָׂ֣רֵי
קֹ֑דֶשׁ
וְאֶתְּנָ֤ה
לַחֵ֨רֶם֙
וְיִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל
Greek Brenton Septuagint
Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain
Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported
Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.
Καὶ ἐμίαναν οἱ ἄρχοντες τὰ ἅγιά μου· καὶ ἔδωκα ἀπωλέσαι Ἰακὼβ, καὶ Ἰσραὴλ εἰς ὀνειδισμόν.
15 word entries
Καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
ἐμίαναν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἐμίαναν
- Transliteration
- emianan
- Morphology
- aorist 3rd plural verb pattern or accusative feminine noun pattern depending on context
- Gloss
- they ... / ...
- Part of Speech
- verb/noun form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 8
οἱ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
ἄρχοντες
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἄρχων
- Transliteration
- archon
- Morphology
- noun/participle substantive, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- ruler, leader
- Part of Speech
- noun
- Definition
- Ruler, leader, or official.
- Occurrences
- 577
τὰ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ὁ
- Transliteration
- ho
- Morphology
- definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Gloss
- the
- Part of Speech
- article
- Definition
- Greek definite article.
- Strong's
- G3588
- Occurrences
- 80473
ἅγιά
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ἅγιά
- Transliteration
- agia
- Morphology
- nominative/accusative neuter plural or feminine nominative singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 21
μου
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- ἐγώ
- Transliteration
- ego
- Morphology
- pronoun, nominative first-person singular
- Gloss
- I
- Part of Speech
- pronoun
- Definition
- First-person personal pronoun.
- Occurrences
- 11445
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
ἔδωκα
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- δίδωμι
- Transliteration
- edoka
- Morphology
- verb, aorist active indicative, 1st singular
- Gloss
- I gave
- Part of Speech
- verb
- Definition
- To give.
- Occurrences
- 1384
ἀπωλέσαι
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- low
- Confidence note
- Rare-form generated LXX morphology pattern. This improves coverage and searchability, but should be treated as low-confidence until reviewed against the verse context.
- Lemma
- ἀπωλέσαι
- Transliteration
- apolesai
- Morphology
- Greek -σαι form; likely aorist infinitive or middle/passive verb form depending on context
- Gloss
- to ...
- Part of Speech
- infinitive/verb form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 1
Ἰακὼβ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- Ἰακώβ
- Transliteration
- Iakob
- Morphology
- proper noun, indeclinable
- Gloss
- Jacob
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Jacob.
- Occurrences
- 392
καὶ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- καί
- Transliteration
- kai
- Morphology
- coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and, also, even
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- Coordinating conjunction.
- Strong's
- G2532
- Occurrences
- 56730
Ἰσραὴλ
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- Ἰσραήλ
- Transliteration
- Israel
- Morphology
- proper noun, indeclinable
- Gloss
- Israel
- Part of Speech
- proper noun
- Definition
- Israel; the patriarch, people, or land depending on context.
- Occurrences
- 2695
εἰς
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium high
- Confidence note
- Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
- Lemma
- εἰς
- Transliteration
- eis
- Morphology
- preposition with accusative
- Gloss
- into, to, for
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- Preposition commonly taking the accusative.
- Occurrences
- 6787
ὀνειδισμόν
- Status
- Rule-aligned morphology
- Confidence
- medium
- Confidence note
- Broad rule-aligned LXX morphology pattern. This is a generated morphology/part-of-speech layer intended for progress and searchability, not a hand-reviewed scholarly parse.
- Lemma
- ὀνειδισμόν
- Transliteration
- oneidismon
- Morphology
- accusative masculine or nominative/accusative neuter singular pattern
- Gloss
- ...
- Part of Speech
- noun/adjective form
- Definition
- Generated LXX morphology pattern. Lexical meaning and exact parsing should be reviewed against the verse context.
- Occurrences
- 6
Syriac Peshitta Old Testament
Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License
Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha
Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.
ܛܘܫܘ ܪ̈ܘܪܒܢܝܟ ܩܘܕܫܐ ܝܗ̇ܒܬ ܠܝܥܩܘܒ ܠܚܪܡܐ ܘܠܐܝܣܪܝܠ ܠܚܣܕܐ
8 word entries
ܛܘܫܘ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܛܘܫܘ
- Transliteration
- twshw
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 2
ܪ̈ܘܪܒܢܝܟ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܪܘܪܒܢܝܟ
- Transliteration
- rwrbnyk
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
- Occurrences
- 1
ܩܘܕܫܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܩܘܕܫܐ
- Transliteration
- qwdsh'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
- Occurrences
- 54
ܝܗ̇ܒܬ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܝܗܒܬ
- Transliteration
- yhbt
- Morphology
- possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
- Occurrences
- 68
ܠܝܥܩܘܒ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܝܥܩܘܒ
- Transliteration
- ly'qwb
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 23
ܠܚܪܡܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܚܪܡܐ
- Transliteration
- lhrm'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 2
ܘܠܐܝܣܪܝܠ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܘܠܐܝܣܪܝܠ
- Transliteration
- wl'ysryl
- Morphology
- Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 11
ܠܚܣܕܐ
- Confidence
- low preliminary Syriac pattern
- Note
- Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
- Lemma
- ܠܚܣܕܐ
- Transliteration
- lhsd'
- Morphology
- probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition l-
- Occurrences
- 17
Targumim on Prophets and Writings
Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain
Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.
Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.
וְאַפֵּיס רַבְרְבֵי קוּדְשָׁא וְאֶמְסַר לְקַטָלָא יַעֲקֹב וְיִשְׂרָאֵל לְחִסוּדִין׃
8 word entries
וְאַפֵּיס
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אפיס
- Transliteration
- w'pys
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 4
רַבְרְבֵי
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- רברבי
- Transliteration
- rbrby
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 84
קוּדְשָׁא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- קודשא
- Transliteration
- qwdsh'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 130
וְאֶמְסַר
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- אמסר
- Transliteration
- w'msr
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
- Occurrences
- 23
לְקַטָלָא
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- קטלא
- Transliteration
- lqtl'
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
- Occurrences
- 38
יַעֲקֹב
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- יעקב
- Transliteration
- y'qb
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic source token
- Occurrences
- 169
וְיִשְׂרָאֵל
- Confidence
- medium aramaic rule-aligned
- Note
- Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
- Lemma
- ישראל
- Transliteration
- wyshr'l
- Morphology
- prefixed conjunction ו + proper noun
- Gloss
- and Israel
- Occurrences
- 2312
לְחִסוּדִין׃
- Status
- Preliminary machine alignment
- Confidence
- low aramaic preliminary
- Note
- Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
- Lemma
- חסודין
- Transliteration
- lchswdyn
- Morphology
- preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
- Occurrences
- 7
Latin Vulgate Clementine
Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology
Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported
Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.
et contaminavi principes sanctos; dedi ad internecionem Jacob, et Israël in blasphemiam.]
12 word entries
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
contaminavi
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- contamino
- Transliteration
- contaminavi
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 60
principes
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- princeps
- Transliteration
- principes
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 830
sanctos
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- sanctus
- Transliteration
- sanctos
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adjective
- Occurrences
- 797
dedi
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- do
- Transliteration
- dedi
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: verb
- Occurrences
- 2116
ad
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- ad
- Transliteration
- ad
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Occurrences
- 7531
internicionem
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- internecio
- Transliteration
- internicionem
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 16
Iacob
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Iacob
- Transliteration
- Iacob
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 364
et
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- et
- Transliteration
- et
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
- Gloss
- and
- Part of Speech
- conjunction
- Definition
- and, also, even
- Etymology
- Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
- Occurrences
- 50526
Israhel
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- Israel
- Transliteration
- Israhel
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: proper noun
- Occurrences
- 2547
in
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- in
- Transliteration
- in
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
- Gloss
- in
- Part of Speech
- preposition
- Definition
- in, into, among, on
- Etymology
- Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
- Occurrences
- 22264
blasphemiam
- Status
- Dataset-backed morphology
- Lemma
- blasphemia
- Transliteration
- blasphemiam
- Morphology
- GreLa POS: noun
- Occurrences
- 34
Ranked cross references
Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.
Jeremiah 24:9
I will even give them up to be tossed back and forth among all the kingdoms of the earth for evil, to be a reproach and a proverb, a taunt and a curse, in all places where I will drive them.
6 relevance votesZechariah 8:13
It shall come to pass that, as you were a curse among the nations, house of Judah and house of Israel, so I will save you, and you shall be a blessing. Don’t be afraid. Let your hands be strong.”
4 relevance votesIsaiah 65:15
You will leave your name for a curse to my chosen, and the Lord Yahweh will kill you. He will call his servants by another name,
4 relevance votesIsaiah 47:6
I was angry with my people. I profaned my inheritance and gave them into your hand. You showed them no mercy. You laid a very heavy yoke on the aged.
3 relevance votes1 Thessalonians 2:16
forbidding us to speak to the Gentiles that they may be saved, to fill up their sins always. But wrath has come on them to the uttermost.
3 relevance votesLamentations 2:2
The Lord has swallowed up all the dwellings of Jacob without pity. He has thrown down in his wrath the strongholds of the daughter of Judah. He has brought them down to the ground. He has profaned the kingdom and its princes.
3 relevance votesPsalms 79:4
We have become a reproach to our neighbors, a scoffing and derision to those who are around us.
3 relevance votesDaniel 9:14
Therefore Yahweh has watched over the evil, and brought it on us; for Yahweh our God is righteous in all his works which he does, and we have not obeyed his voice.
2 relevance votesPsalms 89:39
You have renounced the covenant of your servant. You have defiled his crown in the dust.
2 relevance votesLamentations 4:20
The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of Yahweh, was taken in their pits; of whom we said, under his shadow we will live among the nations.
2 relevance votesEzekiel 5:15
So it will be a reproach and a taunt, an instruction and an astonishment, to the nations that are around you, when I execute judgments on you in anger and in wrath, and in wrathful rebukes—I, Yahweh, have spoken it—
2 relevance votes2 Samuel 1:21
You mountains of Gilboa, let there be no dew or rain on you, and no fields of offerings; for there the shield of the mighty was defiled and cast away, the shield of Saul was not anointed with oil.
2 relevance votes