Hosea 13

World English Bible, Verse 1

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¹ When Ephraim spoke, there was trembling. He exalted himself in Israel, but when he became guilty through Baal, he died.

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Original Language

Source Text Study

Relevant source witnesses currently attached to Hosea 13:1. Some ancient sources use different book or verse structures, so availability notes call out gaps honestly instead of forcing five panels everywhere.

Panels 5

Word Entries 67

Editorial Notes 0

How to read this study data

Source panels are separated by tradition and license. Imported or dataset-backed morphology is stronger than generated or rule-aligned morphology, and editorial alignment notes explain source-structure exceptions without pretending to be ancient source text.

When a verse uses different numbering in a source tradition, Spirit Nation may show the closest mapped source reference and label it directly on the panel.

Westminster Leningrad Codex Hebrew · Hebrew Bible · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible

Primary Hebrew source-text witness for the Hebrew Bible.

כְּדַבֵּ֤ר אֶפְרַ֙יִם֙ רְתֵ֔ת נָשָׂ֥א ה֖וּא בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וַיֶּאְשַׁ֥ם בַּבַּ֖עַל וַיָּמֹֽת׃

9 word entries

כְּדַבֵּ֤ר

Lemma: k/1696
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + verb piel infinitive construct
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H1696
Occurrences: 7

אֶפְרַ֨יִם֙

Lemma: 669
Morphology: Hebrew: noun proper
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H669
Occurrences: 149

רְתֵ֔ת

Lemma: 7578
Morphology: Hebrew: noun common feminine singular absolute
Part of Speech: noun
Strong's: H7578
Occurrences: 1

נָשָׂ֥א

Lemma: 5375
Morphology: Hebrew: verb qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: verb
Strong's: H5375
Occurrences: 386

ה֖וּא

Lemma: 1931
Morphology: Hebrew: pronoun
Part of Speech: pronoun
Strong's: H1931
Occurrences: 1188

בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל

Lemma: b/3478
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun proper
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H3478
Occurrences: 120

וַיֶּאְשַׁ֥ם

Lemma: c/816
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H816
Occurrences: 15

בַּבַּ֖עַל

Lemma: b/1168 a
Morphology: Hebrew: preposition + noun proper
Part of Speech: preposition
Strong's: H1168
Occurrences: 5

וַיָּמֹֽת

Lemma: c/4191
Morphology: Hebrew: conjunction + verb qal sequential imperfect 3rd person masculine singular
Part of Speech: conjunction
Strong's: H4191
Occurrences: 255

Greek Brenton Septuagint Greek · Septuagint / Brenton Greek tradition · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and Apocrypha where imported

Ancient Greek translation tradition. Every imported LXX token is classified with confidence labels; rare/generated forms remain needs-review rather than hand-verified scholarship.

Κατὰ τὸν λόγον Ἐφραὶμ δικαιώματα ἔλαβεν αὐτὸς ἐν τῷ Ἰσραήλ, καὶ ἔθετο αὐτὰ τῇ Βάαλ καὶ ἀπέθανε.

17 word entries

Κατὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: κατά
Transliteration: kata
Morphology: preposition
Gloss: according to, against, down
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Elided/aspirated form of κατά.
Occurrences: 1973

τὸν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

λόγον

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: λόγος
Transliteration: logon
Morphology: noun, masculine accusative singular
Gloss: word, matter
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Word, speech, account, matter, or reason.
Strong's: G3056
Occurrences: 1103

Ἐφραὶμ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: Ἐφραίμ
Transliteration: Ephraim
Morphology: proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss: Ephraim
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Ephraim.
Occurrences: 177

δικαιώματα

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: δικαίωμα
Transliteration: dikaiomata
Morphology: noun, neuter nominative/accusative plural
Gloss: ordinances, righteous decrees
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: Requirement, ordinance, righteous decree, or judgment.
Occurrences: 77

ἔλαβεν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: λαμβάνω
Transliteration: elaben
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it took, received
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To take, receive, or obtain.
Occurrences: 894

αὐτὸς

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

ἐν

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἐν
Transliteration: en
Morphology: preposition with dative
Gloss: in, among, with
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: Preposition commonly taking the dative.
Strong's: G1722
Occurrences: 13086

τῷ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

Ἰσραήλ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: Ἰσραήλ
Transliteration: Israel
Morphology: proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss: Israel
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Israel; the patriarch, people, or land depending on context.
Occurrences: 2695

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἔθετο

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: τίθημι
Transliteration: etheto
Morphology: verb, aorist middle indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it placed, set
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To put, place, set.
Occurrences: 81

αὐτὰ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: αὐτός
Transliteration: autos
Morphology: pronoun, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: he, himself
Part of Speech: pronoun
Definition: Third-person personal/intensive pronoun.
Occurrences: 26672

τῇ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ὁ
Transliteration: ho
Morphology: definite article, nominative masculine singular
Gloss: the
Part of Speech: article
Definition: Greek definite article.
Strong's: G3588
Occurrences: 80473

Βάαλ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: Βάαλ
Transliteration: Baal
Morphology: proper noun, indeclinable
Gloss: Baal
Part of Speech: proper noun
Definition: Baal, a divine or place/name title in biblical literature.
Occurrences: 63

καὶ

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: καί
Transliteration: kai
Morphology: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and, also, even
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: Coordinating conjunction.
Strong's: G2532
Occurrences: 56730

ἀπέθανε

Status: Rule-aligned morphology
Confidence: medium high
Confidence note: Rule-aligned high-frequency LXX form. Stronger than generic preliminary enrichment, but not manually reviewed verse-by-verse.
Lemma: ἀποθνῄσκω
Transliteration: apethane
Morphology: verb, aorist active indicative, 3rd singular
Gloss: he/she/it died
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: To die.
Occurrences: 322

Syriac Peshitta Old Testament Syriac · Syriac Peshitta · MIT License

Source

Coverage: Old Testament and selected Apocrypha

Ancient Syriac translation tradition. Text coverage is imported; word-level morphology is marked pending until a dedicated Syriac morphology source is attached.

ܟܕ ܡܡܠܠ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܪܐܬ ܗܘܐ ܘܗܘܐ ܪܒܐ ܒܐܝܣܪܝܠ ܘܐܬܚܝܒ ܒܒܥܠܐ ܘܡܝܬ

11 word entries

ܟܕ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܟܕ
Transliteration: kd
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 881

ܡܡܠܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܡܡܠܠ
Transliteration: mmll
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 55

ܐܦܪܝܡ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܐܦܪܝܡ
Transliteration: 'prym
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review
Occurrences: 63

ܪܐܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܪܐܬ
Transliteration: r't
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending
Occurrences: 3

ܗܘܐ

Confidence: medium preliminary Syriac rule/lexicon alignment
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac lexicon alignment. Useful for search and first-pass study; review before labeling as verified scholarship.
Lemma: ܗܘܐ
Transliteration: hwa
Morphology: verb, being/becoming root form
Gloss: was, became
Occurrences: 1800

ܘܗܘܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܗܘܐ
Transliteration: whw'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 367

ܪܒܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܪܒܐ
Transliteration: rb'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a
Occurrences: 334

ܒܐܝܣܪܝܠ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܐܝܣܪܝܠ
Transliteration: b'ysryl
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 64

ܘܐܬܚܝܒ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܐܬܚܝܒ
Transliteration: w'thyb
Morphology: Syriac source token; morphology requires contextual review; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 1

ܒܒܥܠܐ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܒܒܥܠܐ
Transliteration: bb'l'
Morphology: probable emphatic-state noun/adjective or verbal form ending in -a; possible prefixed preposition b-
Occurrences: 5

ܘܡܝܬ

Confidence: low preliminary Syriac pattern
Note: Spirit Nation preliminary Syriac pattern classification. It improves searchability and display coverage, but exact parsing requires human or dataset review.
Lemma: ܘܡܝܬ
Transliteration: wmyt
Morphology: possible feminine singular, construct, or verbal ending; prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 85

Targumim on Prophets and Writings Aramaic · Targum Jonathan and Writings Targumim · Public Domain

Source

Coverage: Prophets, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Megillot, and Chronicles. Torah Onkelos excluded pending commercial-safe licensing.

Jewish Aramaic interpretive translation tradition. Use as a Targum witness, not as a one-for-one original-language replacement.

כַּד מְמַלֵל חַד מִבֵּית אֶפְרָיִם רְתִיתָא אָחִיד לְהוֹן לְעַמְמַיָא מִתְרַבְרְבִין הֲווֹ בְיִשְׂרָאֵל וּכְדוּ דְחָבוּ עַד דִפְלָחוּ לְטַעֲוָתָא מִתְקַטְלִין׃

18 word entries

כַּד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: כד
Transliteration: kd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 581

מְמַלֵל

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: מלל
Transliteration: mmll
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 62

חַד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חד
Transliteration: chd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 373

מִבֵּית

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: בית
Transliteration: mbyt
Morphology: prefixed preposition מ + noun construct/absolute
Gloss: from house, household
Occurrences: 2611

אֶפְרָיִם

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אפרים
Transliteration: 'prym
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 133

רְתִיתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: רתיתא
Transliteration: rtyt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 14

אָחִיד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: אחיד
Transliteration: 'chyd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 17

לְהוֹן

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הון
Transliteration: lhwn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 1262

לְעַמְמַיָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עממיא
Transliteration: l'mmy'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 635

מִתְרַבְרְבִין

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תרברבין
Transliteration: mtrbrbyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 2

הֲווֹ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: הוו
Transliteration: hww
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 399

בְיִשְׂרָאֵל

Confidence: medium aramaic rule-aligned
Note: Matched Spirit Nation Aramaic rule lexicon. Verify before labeling as hand-reviewed scholarship.
Lemma: ישראל
Transliteration: byshr'l
Morphology: prefixed preposition ב + proper noun
Gloss: in/with Israel
Occurrences: 2312

וּכְדוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: כדו
Transliteration: wkdw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with prefixed conjunction
Occurrences: 20

דְחָבוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: חבו
Transliteration: dchbw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 35

עַד

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: עד
Transliteration: 'd
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic source token
Occurrences: 885

דִפְלָחוּ

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: פלחו
Transliteration: dplchw
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 54

לְטַעֲוָתָא

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: טעותא
Transliteration: lt'wt'
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic emphatic noun/adjective candidate
Occurrences: 113

מִתְקַטְלִין׃

Status: Preliminary machine alignment
Confidence: low aramaic preliminary
Note: Preliminary Aramaic token normalization. Lemma/gloss/morphology require later review.
Lemma: תקטלין
Transliteration: mtqtlyn
Morphology: preliminary Aramaic token with stripped prefix/suffix
Occurrences: 4

Latin Vulgate Clementine Latin · Latin Vulgate · Public Domain text; CC BY-SA 4.0 morphology

Source

Coverage: Bible and Apocrypha where imported

Latin textual tradition with GreLa-backed lemma/POS morphology for most tokens.

[Loquente Ephraim, horror invasit Israël; et deliquit in Baal, et mortuus est.

12 word entries

loquente

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: loquor
Transliteration: loquente
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 1543

Ephraim

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Ephraim
Transliteration: Ephraim
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 136

horror

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: horror
Transliteration: horror
Morphology: GreLa POS: noun
Occurrences: 10

invasit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: inuado
Transliteration: invasit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20

Israhel

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Israel
Transliteration: Israhel
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 2547

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

deliquit

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: delinquo
Transliteration: deliquit
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 31

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: in
Transliteration: in
Morphology: GreLa POS: adposition/preposition
Gloss: in
Part of Speech: preposition
Definition: in, into, among, on
Etymology: Latin preposition used with ablative for location or with accusative for motion.
Occurrences: 22264

Baal

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: Baal
Transliteration: Baal
Morphology: GreLa POS: proper noun
Occurrences: 60

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: et
Transliteration: et
Morphology: GreLa POS: coordinating conjunction
Gloss: and
Part of Speech: conjunction
Definition: and, also, even
Etymology: Basic Latin coordinating conjunction.
Occurrences: 50526

mortuus

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: morior
Transliteration: mortuus
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 600

est

Status: Dataset-backed morphology
Lemma: sum
Transliteration: est
Morphology: GreLa POS: verb
Occurrences: 20614

Ranked cross references

Connections are ranked by community votes in the OpenBible.info cross-reference dataset (CC BY 4.0). They suggest related themes, words, events, or people; they are not automatic interpretations.

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Hosea 13

Source Text Study

Ranked cross references

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Luke 14:11

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Proverbs 18:12